Week 1 Cellular Adaptation and Gangrene Flashcards
Cellular Adaptation
Changes that your bodies cell go through to permit survival and maintenance of cellular function
Cells can change their size or form
Can be a normal physiologic process (working out, pregnancy)
However, abnormal cellular changes can occur (cancer)
Atrophy
Decreased or shrinking cell size
Atrophied cells have decreased protein synthesis (building)
and/or increased protein catabolism (breakdown)
Two types of atrophy
Physiologic & Pathologic
Physiologic: related to a developmental issue (less common)
Pathologic: related to decreased workload or changed environmental conditions
(torn ACL)
———Nutritional deficiencies, blood supply decreased, hormonal problems,
prolonged immobility, aging
Hypertrophy
Increased in the size of the cell and can increase function of the cell
Typically in response to mechanical stimuli repetitive stretching, chronic pressure, prolonged volume overload
What organs are the most prone to hypertrophy?
Heart and kidneys
“Muscle/skeletal cells do this naturally and appropriately”
Hyperplasia
Increased NUMBER of cells
Results from increased rate of cellular division, usually in response to prolong injury or severe injury
Only cells who have ability to DIVIDE
——-(Skin (epidermal), intestinal epithelium, glandular cells)
Can be normal PHYSIOLOGIC hyperplasia
——Pregnancy related changes (lactating cells), Wound healing
What is common in cancers?
Pathologic hyperplasia
“abnormal hormonal stimulation”
Ex. Goiter
Dysplasia
Abnormal changes in size/shape/organization of mature cells
——-Often related to atypical hyperplasia
Often associated with neoplastic growths (cancerous cells)
- ——DYSPLASIA ≠ CANCER *can be a precursor to cancer
- ——Typically classified as mild, moderate, severe
- ——Can be reversible
Inflammation and chronic irritation associated with dysplasia
Metaplasia
Reversible replacement of one type of mature cell to another
——-Often the replacement is less specific to that area (less differentiated)
Can be a pathologic response to chronic irritation & inflammation
Can predispose to cancer
Allows cells to survive better in a hostile environment
——-IS REVERSIBLE
Neoplasia
Cellular growth not responding to normal regulator processes
——-Usually because of gene mutation
Anaplasia- cells differentiate to IMMATURE form or embryonic form
——-Associated with neoplasms and malignant tumors
Cancer –> uncontrolled cellular growth with rapid uncontrolled proliferation and loss of ability of cells to differentiation
Benign
Differentiated cells (less anaplastic)
Reproduce more rapidly than normal cells
More like normal cells and unable to metastasize
Grow slowly
Frequently encapsulated
Do not usually cause problems unless in an area that is sensitive to compression such as the brain
Malignant/Cancer
Undifferentiated cells (more anaplastic)
Reproduce rapidly with atypical cells
Often metastasize
——Sites near primary site or distant
No capsule
Necrosis
Irreversible
- Leads to swelling
- Bursting of cell
- Inflammation
Can lead to gangrene
Liquefactive necrosis
in tissues with a lot of lipids (brain) or where there are numerous inflammatory cells – release of proteolytic enzymes which destroy tissue
Gangrene: Dry
Blackened, dry, wrinkled
- Has demarcation line, slow spread
