Week 1: Homeostasis and Membrane Transport Mechanisms; Part of AP Flashcards

1
Q

Glucose transporters (GLUT transporters) employ which of the following kinds of transport? Diffusion Primary active transport Secondary active transport Facilitated diffusion

A

Facilitated diffusion

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2
Q

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of which of the following: Diffusion Primary active transport Secondary active transport Facilitated diffusion

A

Primary active transport

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3
Q

The sodium-calcium pump is an example of which of the following? Diffusion Primary active transport Secondary active transport Facilitated diffusion

A

Secondary active transport

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4
Q

Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy other than kinetic energy? Osmosis Diffusion Active transport Facilitated diffusion

A

Active transport

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5
Q

Of the following ions, which is the most concentrated in the extracellular matrix? Sodium Potassium Chloride Calcium

A

Sodium

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6
Q

The sodium glucose pump is an example of which of the following kinds of transport? Diffusion Primary active transport Secondary active transport Facilitated diffusion

A

Secondary active transport

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7
Q

Define Osmosis

A

The movement of solvent (water) from high to low concentration through a semipermeable membrane

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8
Q

Van’t Hoff’s law

A

Osmotic pressure depends on the concentration of osmotically active particles

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9
Q

Osmotic Pressure Equation

A
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10
Q

What are the energy independent transport types? (3)

A

Osmosis, Diffusion, and Facilitated Diffusion

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11
Q

Which type of tranporters require channel proteins?

A

Gated and Non-gated;

Gated = ligand gated, voltage gated

Non-gated = aquaporins, ion channels

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12
Q

Another name for antiporters:

A

Countertransporters and exchangers

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13
Q

What is diffusion dependent upon?

A

The KE of particles, NOT the external energy source (metabolic energy)

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14
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion? (3)

A
  1. Concentration across the membrane
  2. Membrane electric potential (Nerst equation)
  3. Pressure difference
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15
Q

What 3 factors change membrane permeability?

A
  1. oil/water partition coefficient
  2. membrane thickness
  3. solute size
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16
Q

Which transport mechanism is the only one that does not require a carrier-mediated protein?

A

Simple diffusion

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17
Q

Characteristics of facilitated diffusion?

A
  1. Requires uniporter carrier proteins (carrier proteins give molecules their specificity i.e. D- and L-glucose
  2. Has a Vmax
  3. Used by glucose and amino acids
18
Q
A
19
Q

Non-gated Channel examples

A
  1. Aquaporins
  2. K+ channels
  3. Na+ channels
20
Q

How is energy for secondary transport established?

A

Through the concentration differences that occur from primary active transport

During this type of transport, one solute is moving down it’s gradient while the other is moved against

Na+ is usually the ion involved in secondary active transport

21
Q

If Na+ moves down its electrochemical gradient, why is this referred to as secondary active transport?

A

ATP is required in order for the Na+ gradient to occur so that it can move down it’s gradient

22
Q

Na+/Ca2+ antiporters move 3Na+ per Ca2+, why does it take 3 Na+ ions to move 1 Ca2+?

A

Ca2+ has a greater electrochemical gradient, is a larger cation, therefore Na+ must overcome this size and charge difference

23
Q

What are some characterstics of the Na+/K+ pump? (3)

A

Both are moved against their [gradient]

Conformation change occurs to pass ions through

Pump can be used reversily to generate ATP

24
Q

What type of transporter is this is a few characteristics?

A

Secondary active transporter; cotransporter

Na+ gradient is created via primary active transport and the greater [Na+] allows for passive movement by binding and crossing, which in turn allows glucose to pass through and both substances are transported together

25
Q

Na+ gradient caused during primary active transport causes what secondary active transporter mechanisms?

A

Na+/Glucose cotransporter

Na+/H+ counter transporter

Na+/Ca2+ counter transporter

26
Q
A
27
Q

What are the assumptions for the Nernst equation? (3)

A
  1. The equation can be used only for one ion at a time.
  2. The membrane must be completely permeable to that ion.
  3. That ion must be at equilibrium
28
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of an action potential?

A
  1. self-propagated 2. all-or-none 3. non-decremental (doesn’t decrease in strength)
29
Q

Describe the status of Na+ and K+ gates during an action potential (inactivation/activation and potential values)

A
30
Q

Locations of simple squamous epithelium

A
  • lumina lining of ducts, vessels and other tubular structures
  • walls of alveoli, Bowman’s capsules and inner surfaces of membranous labyrinth and tympanic membrane
31
Q

Locations of simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • surface of ovary
  • pigmented epithelium of retina
  • kidney tubules
  • glands and ducts
  • terminal bronchioles
  • choroid plexus
  • anterior capsule of lens of eye
32
Q

Loctations of simple columnar epithelium

A
  • Ciliated: upper respiratory tract, uterine tubes, uterus, paranasal sinuses, central canal of spinal cord
  • Non-ciliated: digestive tract such as the cardia of the stomach, gall bladder, parts of excretory ducts of glands
33
Q

Locations of stratified squamous epithelium (heavily keratinized vs. lightly keratinized)

A
  1. Heavily - epidermis (with CT papillae) and cornea (w/out CT papillae)
  2. Lightly or Non-Keratinized - esophagus, vagina, lining of mouth, tongue, and part of epiglottis
34
Q

Locations of stratigied cuboidal epithelium

A
  1. seldom found; small areas of anal mucosa, large excretoy ducts of some glands, part of male urethra
35
Q

Locations of stratified columnar epithelium

A
  1. seldom found; ducts of adult sweat glands, fornix of the conjunctiva of the eye, parts of male reproductive/urinary tract, pharynx, epiglottis
36
Q

Locations of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A
  1. Trachea
37
Q

Location of pseudostratified epithelium

A

Epididymis with stereocilia (branched microvilli)

38
Q

Locations of transitional epithelium

A
  1. urinary system = urothelium
39
Q

Functions of epithelial tissues (2)

A
  1. Covering and lining
  2. Glandular secretions
40
Q

Where are leaky barriers of epithelial tissues found?

A
  1. gallbladder lining
  2. proximal convoluted tubule