Week 1 - Histology

Question 1

Where are the mucous membranes found in the respiratory system?

Answer 1

Lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract

Question 2

Where are the serous membranes found in the respiratory system?

Answer 2

Line the pleural sacs which envelope each lung

Question 3

Describe the walls of the pleural cavity?

Answer 3

Outer wall is parietal serosa, inner wall is visceral serosa, inside is lubricating fluid

Question 4

What is the conducting portion of respiratory tract?

Answer 4

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Question 5

What is the respiratory portion of respiratory tract?

Answer 5

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Question 6

What is the extrapulomary part of the lungs made up of?

Answer 6

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi

Question 7

What is the epithelium of the nasal cavity to the largest bronchioles?

Answer 7

Pseudostratified epithelium with cilia and goblet cells

Question 8

What is the epithelium of the terminal bronchioles?

Answer 8

Simple columnar epithelium with cilia and clara cells

Question 9

What is the epithelium of the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts?

Answer 9

Simple cuboidal epithelium with clara cells and few sparsely scattered cilia

Question 10

What is the epithelium of the alveoli?

Answer 10

Simple squamous

Question 11

What is the lining of the non-olfactory regions like?

Answer 11

Pseudostratified cilia epithelium, mucous glands and venous sinuses

Question 12

What is the function of the venous plexuses in?

Answer 12

Swell every 20-30 minutes alternating air flow from side to side preventing over drying

Question 13

Describe the wall of the olfactory regions of the nasal cavities?

Answer 13

Particularly thick pseudostratified columnar epithelium without goblet cells, located in posterior, superior region of each nasal fossa, has microvilli, contain olfactory cells - bipolar neurones, one dendrite extend to the surface to form a swelling which cilia extend from increasing the surface area and response to odours

Question 14

What is the larynx made up of?

Answer 14

False vocal cord, ventricle and true vocal cord

Question 15

What lines the ventricular folds of the larynx?

Answer 15

Pseudostratified epithelium containing mucous glands and numerous lymph nodes

Question 16

What lines the true vocal chords?

Answer 16

Stratified squamous epithelium containing vocal ligament and vocalis muscle

Question 17

What are the functions of the vocal cords help stop foreign objects from reaching lungs?

Answer 17

close to build up pressure when coughing is required

Question 18

What is the epithelial ling of the trachea?

Answer 18

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 19

Where are the seromucous glands found in the trachea?

Answer 19

Submucosa

Question 20

Whats the muscle between the trachea and the oesophagus called?

Answer 20

Trachealis muscle

Question 21

What type of cartilage is in the trachea?

Answer 21

Hyaline cartilage

Question 22

What is the wall of the trachea made uo of?

Answer 22

Epithelium, lamina propia, submucosa, Cartilage

Question 23

What do secretions from the epithelium and submucosal glands of the trachea and bronchi contain?

Answer 23

Mucins, water serum proteins, lysozyme (destroys bacteria), antiproteases (inactive bacterial enzymes)

Question 24

How does cystic fibrosis affect the respiratory system?

Answer 24

CFTR not present in apical membranes of epithelial cells, this results in chloride ion transport across the membrane being substantially compromised meaning that water doesn’t leave the epithelium to adequately hydrate secreted mucous, this makes the mucous viscous and less readily moved, this often results in serious pulmonary infection

Question 25

Describe the walls of the secondary and tertiary bronchi?

Answer 25

Histology similar to primary bronchi except cartilage is arranged in irregular crescent plates instead of in rings

Question 26

How do we distinguish a bronchiole from a bronchus?

Answer 26

A bronchiole has no cartilage or glands

Question 27

Why is bronchoconstriction worse in expiration than inspiration?

Answer 27

During expiration the bronchial walls are no longer held open by the surrounding alveoli

Question 28

What are clara cells and where are they found?

Answer 28

Secrete a surfactant lipoprotein which prevents the walls sticking together during expiration, as bronchioles gets smaller clara cells take the place of goblet cells

Question 29

Why is it important that there are no goblet cells in the smallest airways?

Answer 29

Prevents people from drowning it their own mucus

Question 30

Where can alveoli open into?

Answer 30

A respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac or another alveoli

Question 31

What is the epithelium of the alveoli made of?

Answer 31

Mainly squamous calls for gas exchange and a few cuboidal cells to produce surfactant

Question 32

What cells line the alveolar surface?

Answer 32

Macrophages

Question 33

What happens to the lungs in pneumonia?

Answer 33

Inflammation of lung caused by bacteria, Lung consolidates as the alveoli fill with inflammatory cells