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Head and Neck - Anatomy > Week 1- Head > Flashcards

Week 1- Head Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 parts are the skull split into?

A

Neurocranium
Viscerocranium - facial skull
Mandible - lower jaw

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2
Q

What is the most common type of joint in the skull?

A

Fibrous joint

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3
Q

What are the 3 components of a skull bone?

A

Compact bone
Spongy bone - diploe
Periosteum

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4
Q

What part of bone houses red marrow?

A

Spongy bone

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5
Q

What bones make up the cranium?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Zygomatic and Maxilla

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6
Q

What is the name for the external ear canal?

A

External Auditory Meatus

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7
Q

What type of joint is a suture?

A

Fibrous joint

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8
Q

What are the 3 main sutures of the cranium?

A

Sagittal suture - right and left parietal bones
Coronal suture - parietal and frontal
Lambdoid suture - occipital and parietal

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9
Q

Describe fontanelles

A

Fibrous tissue where bones in young infant are not fused together
There is an anterior and posterior fontanelle

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10
Q

What are the bones of the facial skeleton?

A

Frontal, parietal, sphenoid, temporal, zygomatic, mandible, maxilla
Nasal, lacrimal, ethmoid

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11
Q

What are some bony prominences of the skull?

A

Occipital protuberance, mastoid process, zygomatic arch, styloid process, and occipital condyles

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12
Q

Describe the zygomatic arch

A

From temporal process of zygomatic and temporal process of temporal bone

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13
Q

What are the 3 levels dividing the cranial floor?

A

Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa

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14
Q

What is the borders of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal bones anteriorly
Ethmoid bone centrally
Posteriorly - greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone

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15
Q

What is the borders of the middle cranial fossa?

A

On body of sphenoid and large depressed lateral parts
Temporal bones laterally

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16
Q

What is the borders of the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Largest and deepest
Mostly occipital and temporal bones
Sphenoid and parietal makes small contribution

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17
Q

What are the parts of the sphenoid bone?

A

The body - central
Lesser and greater wing of sphenoid
Pituitary gland - hypophysial fossa
Superior orbital fissure

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18
Q

What important structure lies in the pituitary fossa?

A

Pituitary gland

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19
Q

What is the largest foramen in posterior cranial fossa?

A

Foramen magnum - contains the medulla

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20
Q

What 2 structures pass through the foramen magnum?

A

Medulla and right + left vertebral arteries

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21
Q

What are the orbits?

A

Sockets for the eyeballs

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22
Q

What are air sinuses?

A

Air spaces present within some skull bones which help to decrease the weight of the skull

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23
Q

What are the 4 air sinuses?

A

Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid air cells
Maxillary sinus

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24
Q

What are ear ossicles?

A

3 small bones that play a role in hearing and are found in petrous part of temporal bone
Hammer, anvil and stirrup

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25
Q

Describe otosclerosis

A

There is alteration in the ossicles so sound waves can’t reach the inner ear leading to hearing loss

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26
Q

What is the border of the scalp?

A

Anteriorly to eyebrows
Posteriorly until superior nuchal lines
Laterally as far as superior temporal line
Provides attachment for muscle bellies

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27
Q

Where is the superior nuchal line?

A

On occipital bone
Arises from external occipital protuberance

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28
Q

What type of joint is present between zygomatic and temporal bone in the the zygomatic arch?

A

Zygomaticomaxillary suture
Fibrous joint

29
Q

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

A

Skin
Connective tissue - dense
Aponeurosis of occipitofrontal muscle
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium

30
Q

What is the aponeurosis of the scalp?

A

Epicranial aponeurosis
Connects frontal and posterior occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle

31
Q

What is the nerve innervation of the anterior part of the scalp?

A

Branches of Trigeminal nerve - cranial nerve V

32
Q

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Ophthalmic nerve V1
Maxillary V2
Mandibular V3

33
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior of the scalp?

A

Cutaneous branches of cervical spinal nerves C2 and C3
Both anterior ad posterior rami of these spinal nerves

34
Q

Does C1 have dermatomal innervation?

A

No

35
Q

What are the sensory supply to these regions?

A

Green - Ophthalmic nerve
Blue - maxillary nerve
Red - mandibular nerve
Orange - greater occipital nerve
Pink - lesser occipital nerve

36
Q

What structure forms from ventral rami of C5 to T1?

A

Brachial plexus
Supply skin and musculature of upper limbs

37
Q

In which layer of the scalp are blood vessels present?

A

In the dense connective tissue

38
Q

Why would scalp bleed profusely if head trauma?

A

Blood vessels are connected to dense CT so can’t vasoconstrict in response to damage
Also very rich blood supply

39
Q

What are the anastomosing arterial branches supplying the scalp?

A

Supratrochlear - ICA
Supra-orbital - ICA
Superficial temporal - ECA
Posterior auricular - ECA
Occipital - ECA

40
Q

What veins are involved in the venous drainage of the scalp?

A

Superficial temporal
Superior thyroid vein
Facial vein
Superior ophthalmic vein
Supra-orbital vein

41
Q

Where else do the scalp vein anastomose to (apart form other scalp veins)?

A

Diploic vein in the skull bones through valve-less veins called emissary veins

42
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the scalp?

A

No lymph nodes in scalp
Lymph drains into lymph nodes of head and neck

43
Q

Where do the muscles of facial expression lie?

A

Within the superficial fascia of the face

44
Q

What are the key muscles of facial expression?

A

Orbicularis oculi - palpebral and orbital part
Occipitofrontalis
Buccinator
Platysma
Orbicularis oris

45
Q

What is the function of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi?

A

Closes eyelid and does it gently
Is the more central muscle of eye

46
Q

What is the function of the orbital part of the orbicularis oculi?

A

Closes eyelids more tightly and is responsible for the wrinkles

47
Q

What is the function of the occipitofrontalis?

A

Frontal belly - elevates eyebrows and gives wrinkles on skin of forehead
Occipital belly - retracts the scalp

48
Q

What is the function of the buccinator?

A

Presses check against molar teeth
Resists distention when blowing

49
Q

What is the function of the platysma?

A

Depresses mandible
Tenses skin of inferior face and neck

50
Q

What is the function of the orbicularis oris?

A

Closes mouth
Contraction compresses and protrudes lips

51
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial nerve - VII
Via terminal branches

52
Q

When facial nerve leaves cranial cavity which foramen does it emerge onto side of face?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

53
Q

Where does the facial nerve enter and split?

A

In parotid gland
Splits into terminal branches of the facial nerve
These leave at the anterior border if the gland and innervate muscles of facial expression

54
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve?

A

Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical

55
Q

What can intracranial injury or damage to facial nerve result in?

A

Palsy of muscles of facial expression

56
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands?

A

Parotid - largest
Sublingual
Submandibular
Also small and unnamed salivary glands

57
Q

Where does the parotid gland occupy?

A

Region between mandible and mastoid process
Extends up to external acoustic meatus

58
Q

What type of gland is the parotid gland?

A

Exocrine

59
Q

How does exocrine and endocrine differ?

A

Exocrine have ducts and secrete onto a surface
Endocrine have no ducts and secrete into blood stream

60
Q

Where does the parotid duct run?

A

Forward superficial to masseter muscle and then pierces the buccinator muscle to open into oral cavity

61
Q

Where does the parotid duct open into in the oral cavity?

A

Opposite second upper molar teeth

62
Q

What are the structures passing into the parotid gland?

A

Facial nerve
External carotid artery
Retromandibular vein

63
Q

Describe the innervation of the parotid gland

A

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic
Glossopharyngeal nerve - parasympathetic
Superior cervical ganglion - sympathetic

64
Q

What artery gives branches of facial artery and superficial temporal artery?

A

External carotid artery

65
Q

Which bone does facial artery wind around to reach face?

A

Mandible

66
Q

Which gland does the facial artery groove before enter side of face?

A

Submandibular gland

67
Q

Where does the facial artery terminate?

A

At medial aspect of eye

68
Q

Where does facial vein and superficial temporal veins drain into?

A

External jugular vein

Head and Neck - Anatomy (7 decks)

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