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Head and Neck - Anatomy > Week 1- Head > Flashcards

Week 1- Head Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 parts are the skull split into?

A

Neurocranium
Viscerocranium - facial skull
Mandible - lower jaw

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2
Q

What is the most common type of joint in the skull?

A

Fibrous joint

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3
Q

What are the 3 components of a skull bone?

A

Compact bone
Spongy bone - diploe
Periosteum

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4
Q

What part of bone houses red marrow?

A

Spongy bone

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5
Q

What bones make up the cranium?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Zygomatic and Maxilla

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6
Q

What is the name for the external ear canal?

A

External Auditory Meatus

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7
Q

What type of joint is a suture?

A

Fibrous joint

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8
Q

What are the 3 main sutures of the cranium?

A

Sagittal suture - right and left parietal bones
Coronal suture - parietal and frontal
Lambdoid suture - occipital and parietal

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9
Q

Describe fontanelles

A

Fibrous tissue where bones in young infant are not fused together
There is an anterior and posterior fontanelle

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10
Q

What are the bones of the facial skeleton?

A

Frontal, parietal, sphenoid, temporal, zygomatic, mandible, maxilla
Nasal, lacrimal, ethmoid

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11
Q

What are some bony prominences of the skull?

A

Occipital protuberance, mastoid process, zygomatic arch, styloid process, and occipital condyles

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12
Q

Describe the zygomatic arch

A

From temporal process of zygomatic and temporal process of temporal bone

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13
Q

What are the 3 levels dividing the cranial floor?

A

Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa

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14
Q

What is the borders of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal bones anteriorly
Ethmoid bone centrally
Posteriorly - greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone

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15
Q

What is the borders of the middle cranial fossa?

A

On body of sphenoid and large depressed lateral parts
Temporal bones laterally

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16
Q

What is the borders of the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Largest and deepest
Mostly occipital and temporal bones
Sphenoid and parietal makes small contribution

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17
Q

What are the parts of the sphenoid bone?

A

The body - central
Lesser and greater wing of sphenoid
Pituitary gland - hypophysial fossa
Superior orbital fissure

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18
Q

What important structure lies in the pituitary fossa?

A

Pituitary gland

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19
Q

What is the largest foramen in posterior cranial fossa?

A

Foramen magnum - contains the medulla

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20
Q

What 2 structures pass through the foramen magnum?

A

Medulla and right + left vertebral arteries

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21
Q

What are the orbits?

A

Sockets for the eyeballs

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22
Q

What are air sinuses?

A

Air spaces present within some skull bones which help to decrease the weight of the skull

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23
Q

What are the 4 air sinuses?

A

Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid air cells
Maxillary sinus

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24
Q

What are ear ossicles?

A

3 small bones that play a role in hearing and are found in petrous part of temporal bone
Hammer, anvil and stirrup

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25
Describe otosclerosis
There is alteration in the ossicles so sound waves can't reach the inner ear leading to hearing loss
26
What is the border of the scalp?
Anteriorly to eyebrows Posteriorly until superior nuchal lines Laterally as far as superior temporal line Provides attachment for muscle bellies
27
Where is the superior nuchal line?
On occipital bone Arises from external occipital protuberance
28
What type of joint is present between zygomatic and temporal bone in the the zygomatic arch?
Zygomaticomaxillary suture Fibrous joint
29
What are the 5 layers of the scalp?
Skin Connective tissue - dense Aponeurosis of occipitofrontal muscle Loose connective tissue Pericranium
30
What is the aponeurosis of the scalp?
Epicranial aponeurosis Connects frontal and posterior occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle
31
What is the nerve innervation of the anterior part of the scalp?
Branches of Trigeminal nerve - cranial nerve V
32
What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?
Ophthalmic nerve V1 Maxillary V2 Mandibular V3
33
What is the innervation of the posterior of the scalp?
Cutaneous branches of cervical spinal nerves C2 and C3 Both anterior ad posterior rami of these spinal nerves
34
Does C1 have dermatomal innervation?
No
35
What are the sensory supply to these regions?
Green - Ophthalmic nerve Blue - maxillary nerve Red - mandibular nerve Orange - greater occipital nerve Pink - lesser occipital nerve
36
What structure forms from ventral rami of C5 to T1?
Brachial plexus Supply skin and musculature of upper limbs
37
In which layer of the scalp are blood vessels present?
In the dense connective tissue
38
Why would scalp bleed profusely if head trauma?
Blood vessels are connected to dense CT so can't vasoconstrict in response to damage Also very rich blood supply
39
What are the anastomosing arterial branches supplying the scalp?
Supratrochlear - ICA Supra-orbital - ICA Superficial temporal - ECA Posterior auricular - ECA Occipital - ECA
40
What veins are involved in the venous drainage of the scalp?
Superficial temporal Superior thyroid vein Facial vein Superior ophthalmic vein Supra-orbital vein
41
Where else do the scalp vein anastomose to (apart form other scalp veins)?
Diploic vein in the skull bones through valve-less veins called emissary veins
42
What is the lymphatic drainage of the scalp?
No lymph nodes in scalp Lymph drains into lymph nodes of head and neck
43
Where do the muscles of facial expression lie?
Within the superficial fascia of the face
44
What are the key muscles of facial expression?
Orbicularis oculi - palpebral and orbital part Occipitofrontalis Buccinator Platysma Orbicularis oris
45
What is the function of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi?
Closes eyelid and does it gently Is the more central muscle of eye
46
What is the function of the orbital part of the orbicularis oculi?
Closes eyelids more tightly and is responsible for the wrinkles
47
What is the function of the occipitofrontalis?
Frontal belly - elevates eyebrows and gives wrinkles on skin of forehead Occipital belly - retracts the scalp
48
What is the function of the buccinator?
Presses check against molar teeth Resists distention when blowing
49
What is the function of the platysma?
Depresses mandible Tenses skin of inferior face and neck
50
What is the function of the orbicularis oris?
Closes mouth Contraction compresses and protrudes lips
51
What nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?
Facial nerve - VII Via terminal branches
52
When facial nerve leaves cranial cavity which foramen does it emerge onto side of face?
Stylomastoid foramen
53
Where does the facial nerve enter and split?
In parotid gland Splits into terminal branches of the facial nerve These leave at the anterior border if the gland and innervate muscles of facial expression
54
What are the branches of the facial nerve?
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Marginal mandibular Cervical
55
What can intracranial injury or damage to facial nerve result in?
Palsy of muscles of facial expression
56
What are the 3 salivary glands?
Parotid - largest Sublingual Submandibular Also small and unnamed salivary glands
57
Where does the parotid gland occupy?
Region between mandible and mastoid process Extends up to external acoustic meatus
58
What type of gland is the parotid gland?
Exocrine
59
How does exocrine and endocrine differ?
Exocrine have ducts and secrete onto a surface Endocrine have no ducts and secrete into blood stream
60
Where does the parotid duct run?
Forward superficial to masseter muscle and then pierces the buccinator muscle to open into oral cavity
61
Where does the parotid duct open into in the oral cavity?
Opposite second upper molar teeth
62
What are the structures passing into the parotid gland?
Facial nerve External carotid artery Retromandibular vein
63
Describe the innervation of the parotid gland
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic Glossopharyngeal nerve - parasympathetic Superior cervical ganglion - sympathetic
64
What artery gives branches of facial artery and superficial temporal artery?
External carotid artery
65
Which bone does facial artery wind around to reach face?
Mandible
66
Which gland does the facial artery groove before enter side of face?
Submandibular gland
67
Where does the facial artery terminate?
At medial aspect of eye
68
Where does facial vein and superficial temporal veins drain into?
External jugular vein

Head and Neck - Anatomy (7 decks)

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