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CPI Exam #2 > Week 1 etc. > Flashcards

Week 1 etc. Flashcards

1
Q 
Firing rate of:
SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers
A

70-80 (ipm)
40-60
40
15-20

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2
Q

Absolute refractory
Relative refractory
Supranormal period

A

No repolarization can occur because most Na+ channels are closed.
Cell is almost repolarized, but can fire an AP with a large enough impulse.
During hyperpolarization.

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3
Q

Chronotropic

A

Changes the HR.

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4
Q

Dromotropic

A

Changes the speed of conduction.

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5
Q

Iontropic

A

Changes the strength of contraction.

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6
Q

Lusitropic

A

Changes rate of relaxation.

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7
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of the heart

A

Stimulus carried via cardiac splanchnic ns. to SA/AV nodes and cardiac tissue.
Receptor is B-1.

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8
Q

PSNS stimulation of the heart

A

Stimulus is carried via vagus n. to SA/AV nodes and cardia tissue. ACh is NT and receptor is muscarinic.

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9
Q

Lead I placement

A

RA to LA

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10
Q

Lead II placement

A

RA to LL

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11
Q

Lead III placement

A

LA to LL

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12
Q

Draw the axis of standard and augmented leads

A

Draw

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13
Q

Inferior region and RCA are seen best in which leads? (3)

A

Leads II, III, aVF

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14
Q

Septal region and LAD are seen best in which leads? (2)

A

V1, V2

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15
Q

Anterior region and LAD are seen best in which leads (3)

A

V2, V3, V4

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16
Q

Lateral region and circumflex a. are seen best in which leads? (5)

A

I, aVL, V4, V5, V6

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17
Q

P wave is upright in:

Inverted in:

A

I, II, aVF, V4-6

aVR

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18
Q

T wave is upright in:

Inverted in:

A

I, II, V3-6

aVR

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19
Q

Normal duration of PR interval

A

0.12 to 0.20 sec.

Longer than 0.20 could suggest AV block.

20
Q

Normal duration of QRS complex

A

0.05 to 0.10 sec.

Longer than 0.12 could suggest bundle branch block or hypertrophy.

21
Q

ST segment morphology

A

Should be baseline, but should not be elevated over 1 mm in standard leads and 2 mm in chest leads. Should not be depressed more than 0.2 mm (indicative of ischemia or transmural injury).

22
Q

T wave height

A

Up to 5 mm in standard leads and 10 mm in chest leads.

23
Q

Inverted T waves are associated with:

A

Ischemia

24
Q

U waves can be associated with:

A

Hypokalemia

25
Q

QT interval duration

A

Avg is 0.35 sec., but no longer than 0.45 sec.

26
Q

Draw the cardiac axis

A

Draw

27
Q

What happens to the cardiac axis in a patient with ventricular hypertrophy?

A

The axis moves to the side of hypertrophy.

28
Q

What happens to the cardiac axis in an MI?

A

Axis deviates from the side of the infarct.

29
Q

Excitation-coupling mechanism

A

Depolarization causes Ca to flow into the cell via L-type channels. Ca binds to ryanodine receptors causing the SR to leak more Ca.
Ca binds to troponin C, causing tropomyosin to move away and allows myosin to bind actin and contraction occurs.

30
Q

Relaxation can occur by:

A

Ca ATPase

CNX

31
Q

a wave
c wave
v wave

A

Increase in atrial pressure.
Due to increasing ventricular pressure.
Pressure while the atrium fills with blood.

32
Q

S1
S2
S3
S4

A

Closing of the AV valves.
Closing of the SL valves.
Rapid ventricular filling.
Atrial contraction.

33
Q

Receptor and NT setup for Sympathetic NS

A

Draw

34
Q

Receptor and NT setup for PSNS

A

Draw

35
Q

Sympathetic activation of SA/AV node

A

NE binds B1 causing an increase in Na (f) channels which increases phase 4 and HR.

36
Q

Sympathetic activation of cardiac myocytes

A

NE binds B1 receptor that stimulates L-type Ca channels to stay open longer which increases contractility and SV.

37
Q

Sinus arrhythmia

A

Initiated by the SA node.

Wave morphology is normal, but time between each cycle varies.

38
Q

Junctional rhythm

A

Initiated by the AV node.
P waves are absent or trail the QRS complex.
Rate is about 40-60.

39
Q

Premature atrial contraction (PAC)

A

P waves come earlier than expected based on previous cycle. Normal.

40
Q

Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT)

A

3 different P waves caused by different atrial foci causing a depolarization.
Rate is tachycardic.

41
Q

AFib

A

Continuous atrial spikes with no discernable P or T waves.

Spacing in QRS is variable.

42
Q

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)

A

P and T waves are indistinguishable from QRS. Can be in alteration.

43
Q

PVC

A

P wave is absent before a QRS complex that is long and wide.

44
Q

Vtach

A

Big, wide QRS complex in rapid succession w/ no identifiable P waves. Rate is tachy.

45
Q

VFib

A

Peaks/waves are not distinguishable.

Caused by multiple ventricular foci firing without synchronicity.

46
Q

AV block

A

PR interval is longer than 0.2 s.

CPI Exam #2 (18 decks)

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