Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Stressed vs unstressed volume

A

Arteries contain stressed volume and veins contain unstressed volume.

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2
Q

What contains the most area of blood? The most volume?

A

Area - capillaries

Volume - veins

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3
Q

Sympathetic activation of veins occurs via

A

Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors

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4
Q

v =

A

Q/A

Flow/area

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5
Q

Resistance =

A

(8nl)/(pi x r^4)

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6
Q

Series resistance

Parallel resistance

A

Series - sum of individual resistances.

Parallel - sum of the reciprocals.

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7
Q

Laminar flow

A

Streamlined flow where velocity is greatest at center and least at vessel walls.

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8
Q

Turbulent flow

A

A disruption of laminar flow and takes more energy to drive turbulent flow forward.

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9
Q

Bruit

A

When turbulent flow occurs in an artery and may indicate stenosis.

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10
Q

What is the Reynolds number?

A

Used to predict whether flow will turbulent or laminar.

Less than 2000 indicates laminar flow.

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11
Q

Shear

A

Changes in the velocity along the vessel. If all areas of the vessel had the same velocity, shear would be zero.

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12
Q

Compliance of vessels

A

Ability to recoil.
Highest in veins.
Will decrease as patients age.

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13
Q

Pulse pressure

A

SBP-DBP

Volume of blood ejected from the LV.

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14
Q

MAP =

A

2/3(DBP) + 1/3(DBP)

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15
Q

Arteriosclerosis causes what effects on SBP, pulse pressure and MAP?

A

Increases SBP, pulse pressure and MAP.

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16
Q

Aortic stenosis causes what effects on SBP, pulse pressure and MAP?

A

All will decrease.

17
Q

Microcirculation

A

Capillaries.

Occurs via simple diffusion.

18
Q

Starling equation

A

Jv = Kf [(Pc-Pi) - (pi.c - pi.i)]
If positive, favors movement from the capillary.
If negative, favors movement into capillary.

19
Q

Kf

A

Hydrostatic conductance

20
Q

What factors favor filtration?

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc)

Capillary interstitial pressure (pi.i)

21
Q

What factors oppose filtration?

A

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure (Pi)

Capillary oncotic pressure (pi.c)

22
Q

How can Kf be increased?

A

Burns, inflammation.

23
Q

Autoregulation

A

Maintaining constant blood flow during changes in pressure.

24
Q

Active hyperemia

A

Blood flow to an organ is proportional to its metabolic activity.

25
Q

Reactive hyperemia

A

Increased blood flow as a result of a period of decreased blood flow.

26
Q

Myogenic hypothesis

A

If smooth muscle is stretched, it will contract, and there will be an increase in arterial pressure.
Tries to explain autoregulation.

27
Q

Metabolic hypothesis

A

O2 delivery is matched to O2 consumption.

So if O2 consumption is high, metabolites will be released to cause vasodilation.

28
Q

JVD

A

Reflects the activity of the right heart.
Gives an indication of CVP and RAP.
Internal jugular is better to use than external jugular.

29
Q

What is the most common cause of JVD?

A

Elevated RV diastolic pressure.

30
Q

How to measure JVD?

A

Place patient in supine position and allow veins to engorge. Then raise to 30-45 degrees.
Normally will be between 0-9.

31
Q

Hepato Jugular Reflex

A

Distension of veins when pressure is placed over the liver.

Could indicate RV pathology, pericarditis.

32
Q

Edema grading

A
0 - 0 mm
1 - 2 mm (nonpitting)
2 - 4 mm
3 - 6 mm
4 - 8 mm