Week 1 - Creating and maintaining a healthy community Flashcards
Define ecology
everything is connected to everything else
Define health
A product of reciprocal interactions between individuals and their environments; a mixture of biology, genetic predispositions, psychological, social, cultural, spiritual and physical environments
WHO definition of health 1974
A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
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Describe a healthy community
Dynamic,
constantly changing as people respond to the circumstance of their life and their environments and as they make decisions that help enhance their community’s health capacity.
Define reciprocal in health terms
health is created in the exchanges between people and their environments
What is health literacy
adequate knowledge to inform health decisions
The ability to make sound health decisions in everyday life.
what is empowerment
knowledge and opportunity to have control over one’s life and health decisions
what is the ecological view of community
an interdependent group of plants and animals inhabiting a common space
MacQueen definition of community
A group of people with diverse characteristics who are linked by social ties, share common perspectives, and engage in joint action in geographical locations or settings
McMurray definition of community health
Community health is characterised by the presence of strong social capital, engaged and empowered community members, a dynamic and healthy physical, social and spiritual environment, accessible, affordable and equitable services and resources, and a system of governance that is inclusive and responsive to community members in addressing the SDH
what is social inclusion
when the social environment is supportive, creating a climate of trust and mutual respect
Disempowerment is caused by
civil strife oppressive political regime crime poverty unemployment violence discrimination food insecurity diseases lack of access to health and social support services
define social exclusion
living in situation of disadvantage or disempowerment
unable to access the same resources for help as those who live in more privileged situations and their lives and potential for the future are compromised
define advocacy
promoting or championing the needs of the community in such a way as to help people fully participate in decisions that affect their lives, their health and their communities
Community health is a product of
- Participatory community development
- Collaborative interactiong with the environment to create and maintain health
- Social inclusion
- Empowered citizens
- Healthy physical, Social and spiritual environment
- Accessible, affordable, equitable, responsive services and resources
The role of health professionals in community health
- promoting health and providing care where people live, work and play
- advocating for the community, its people and its physical, social, spiritual environments
- promoting equity, access, social inclusion and adequate resources by assessing community needs and disadvantage and then lobbying for change where required
- encouraging empowerment and health literacy to promote citizen participation in decisions for health and wellbeing
- generating the evidence base relative to community health needs.
define Wellness
a state of harmony between physical, emotional, social and spiritual health of the individual and their environment
define sustainability
The ability of communities to function effectively with available services for the foreseeable future by mobilising resources.
The 5 principles of sustainable development
1) Living within environmental limits
2) Ensuring a strong, healthy and just society
3) Achieving a sustainable economy
4) Using sound science responsibly
5) Promoting good governance
What are the social determinants of health
- Healthy child development
- Social support networks
- Education, literacy
- Employment & working conditions
- Social environment
- Physical environment
- Health practices, coping skills
- Health services, resources
- Gender, culture
- Biology, genetic characteristics
what is Social Justice
fair distribution of society’s benefits, responsibilities and their consequences
define McKeown Thesis
the knowledge that the major improvements to health over the past decades have not been due to medial treatments or technologies, but rather to social, environmental and econmic changes, smaller family size, better nutrition, a healthier physical environment and a greater emphasis on preventative care
what is social gradient
Those who earn income at successively higher levels have better health than those who are unemployed or have lower levels of income
define primary health care
it is a philosphy of care based on social justice, and an organising framework for he activities of health professionals
PHC Defintion (1979 Declaration of Alma-Alta)
Essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination. It is the first level of contact with individuals, the family and community with the national health systems bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work and constitutes the first element of a continuing care process.
what is Primary Care (PC)
The first line of care when a person is sick or injured. PC provides person-focused, integrated, coordinated care over time
what are the 6 principles of Primary Health Care?
- Accessible health care
- Appropriate technology
- Health promotion
- Cultural Sensitivity
- Intersectoral collaboration
- Community participation
Barriers to accessing health care include:
- Geographical features (isolation)
- Civil conflict
- Lack of structures and services tht support human endeavour
What is the difference between inequity and inequality?
Inequity - Unfair distribution of resources and support (eg. Lack of health professionals in rural areas)
Inequality - Disparity in health status or capacity (eg. Poorer health amount indigenous people that non-indigenous)
PHC efficiency & effectiveness as defined by Besner in 2004
right care provided to the right people by the right provider, in the right setting and using the most suitable and cost-effective technology’
what is appropriate technology
advocating for the right care for the right person or community at the right time, to maximise efficiency and equity rather than the most expensive technologies for all communities
what is health promotion
encouraging community capacity through comprehensive promotion of health for the whole-of-community; promoting selective care for those most in need of specific care
what is selective primary health care
Health planning aimed at linking outcomes with specific investments
what is comprehensive primary health care
A whole-of-community approach to participative health decision-making
what is cultural sensitivity
being aware of your own and others’ cultural beliefs, values and knowledge and how these shape health and health decisions
define intersectoral collaboration
working in partnership with health, disability services, transportation, education, environment and other sectors to respond to all the social determinants of health
define access and equity
working to alleviate the barriers that prevent equal access to health for all members of the community—identifying any disparities in access to education, health services, employment or other social determinants of health
what is Public Participation
ensuring that community members are able to participate fully in making decisions for their health and wellbeing
what is socia capital
A sense of trust, civic engagement, participation and belonging.
what is reciprocal determinism
We affect and are affected by the dynamic exchanges we have with the environment. These create both challenges and opportunities for health
what are the 3 levels of health literacy
- Functional
- Communicative (or interactive)
- Critical
define functional health literacy
individuals have received sufficient factual information on health risks and health services, which they also understand, and which allows them to function effectively in a health context
define communicative or interactive health literacy
develops personal skills to the extent that community members participate in community life, influencing social norms and helping others develop their personal health capacity
define critical health literacy
use cognitive skills to improve individual resilience to social and economic adversity
