Week 1: Conducting Ethical Research

Question 1

A group of 10 standards that guide ethical research involving human beings

Answer 1

Nuremberg Code of 1947

Question 2

Formalized in 1964, this international proclamation broadened the Nuremberg Code guidelines from 1947, stating “It is the mission of the doctor to safeguard the health of the people.”

Answer 2

Declaration of Helsinki

Question 3

First developed in 1998 then revised in 2010, 2014 and 2018, it is a series of basic ethical principles to guide researchers as they perform studies with human participants.

Answer 3

Tri-Council Policy Statement

Question 4

Agreement of a participant to take part in a study, having been made aware of the potential risks

Answer 4

Informed Consent

Question 5

The identity of participants, and any information that participants share with researchers, cannot be shared with anyone else (unless consent is give)

Answer 5

Confidentiality

Question 6

Data for which any information that can be used to identify participants (e.g., name, address, phone number) has been removed

Answer 6

Deidentified data

Question 7

The act of taking away someone’s voluntary choice to participate through either negative or positive means

Answer 7

Coercion

Question 8

The giving of false information to study participants

Answer 8

Active deception

Question 9

The withholding of some study details from participants

Answer 9

Passive deception

Question 10

The activation of a negative belief about a particular group that influences members of that group to underperform in certain situations

Answer 10

Stereotype threat

Question 11

The presentation of cues to push thinking in a certain direction

Answer 11

Priming

Question 12

To give participants study information that was initially withheld and the reasons why the information was withheld

Answer 12

Debrief

Question 13

During the debriefing session, the researcher asks the participant a series of questions, starting broad and getting more specific, to identify if the participant had any suspicions about the true nature of the study

Answer 13

Funnel debriefing

Question 14

A comparison of the risks and benefits associated with a research study. It is used to determine whether the study is worth conducting or if the risks are too high

Answer 14

Risk-benefit analysis

Question 15

A committee, consisting of faculty and community members, that has been established to review and approve research proposals within a university

Answer 15

Research ethics board (REB)

Question 16

Research that does not require research ethics board review

Answer 16

Exempt research

Question 17

Research that does not pose risks that are greater than risks encountered in daily life

Answer 17

Minimal risk research

Question 18

Research that may pose substantial risk to participants and requires a full REB review

Answer 18

Greater than minimal risk research

Question 19

A situation in which financial or other considerations may compromise or appear to compromise a researcher’s judgement in conducting or reporting research

Answer 19

Conflict of interest

Question 20

A person (accomplice) who is part of an experiment of study (but unknown to the participants) and plays a specific role in setting up the experimental situation

Answer 20

Confederate

Question 21

The national organization responsible for protecting the health and well-being of animals being used in research, teaching, and testing throughout Canada

Answer 21

Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)

Question 22

The principles of replacement (avoiding use of animals), reduction (minimizing use of animals), and refinement (modifying treatment of animals) that guide research being conducted with animals

Answer 22

Three Rs

Question 23

What are the three Rs

Answer 23

Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement