Week 1 - Cardiovascular Emergencies Flashcards
Formula for assessment or heart condition?
Signs and symptoms + risk factors = diagnosis/differential diagnosis.
-> pathophysiology -> treatment.
Indicators of Cardiac involvement (7 of them)
- Chest pain
- Dyspnoea (shortness of breath)
- Nausea
- Dizziness
- TLoC/Syncope (transient loss of consciousness)
-palpitations - Oedema (swelling - build up of fluids)
Acute Coronary Syndroms (ACS) - symptoms?
SOCRATES FORMULA:
S - Site: chest pain (often retrosternal)
O - Onset: typically worsens gradually.
C - Character: typically dull ache, weight on chest + tightness and burning.
R - Radiates: can be radiating to either arm or jaw.
A - Associated Symptoms: pallor , diaphoresis, nausea or vomiting, anxiety, shortness of breath and fatigue.
T - Time interval: constant
E- Exacerbating/relieving Factors: can worsen with palpitation of chest wall but not typically.
S - Severity: can be mild to severe.
Common ACS conditions?
• ST-segment-elevation Myocardial infarction
• non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
• unstable angina.
Artherscelrosis - what is it?
Build up of fatty deposits in the vessel wall. Causes reduction of blood flow and can also rupture.
Ishcaemia and Infarction meanings?
• Ischaemia = reduction of blood supply causing shortage of oxygen.
• Infarction = tissue death (Necrosis) due to lack of blood supply.
How long do people with Stemi typically have before half of salvageable myocardium is lost?
1 hour for half to be lost.
3 hours for 2/3 to be lost.
3 types of heart failure?
• Chronic Heart Failure (HF): long terms diagnosis and high prevalence. Treated in the community.
• Acute on Chronic HF: diagnosis of HF but symptoms get randomly worse.
•Acute HF: think ACS (First presentation of symptoms)
How many people approximately have heart failure on the UK?
900,000 and approximately 900,000 undiagnosed.
What is the average age of HEART FAILURE (HF) diagnosis?
76 years old.
Aortic Aneurysm Risk Factors?
-Atherosclerosis
-Hypertension
-Trauma Marfan syndrome
-Hypertension
-Smoking Family Hx
-Syphilis and other infections
- Congenital defects
AV fistula?
A surgical connection between an
artery and a vein, usually in the arm.
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?
*Presents with swollen, painful, and warm limb, typically without pallor or pulselessness.
*Confirmed by venous Doppler ultrasound.
Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?
*Can cause weakness or numbness in a limb.
*Lack of vascular features differentiates it from ALI.
Raynaud’s?
*Episodic pallor and pain triggered by cold or stress.
*Usually bilateral and resolves spontaneously.
