Week 1 - Cancer

Question 1

Carcinoma is cancer in what tissue?

Answer 1

the epithelium - the lining of organs and body surfaces

Question 2

Sarcoma is cancer of ____________ or _____________ tissue, such as bone, cartilage, muscle, membranes, blood vessels, adipose or fibrous tissue.

Answer 2

connective or supportive

Question 3

Myeloma is cancer of the ______ cells.

Answer 3

plasma

Question 4

___________ is the cancer of lymphocytes in lymph nodes or organs.

Answer 4

lymphoma

Question 5

What kind of cancer is located in the bone marrow, WBCs, RBCs or lymphocytes?

Answer 5

leukemia

Question 6

the 4 guidelines to follow for cancer prevention?

Answer 6

1. maintain a healthy weight
2. exercise/ active lifestyle
3. healthy diet (plant sources)
4. limit alcohol consumption/ smoking cessation

Question 7

Tumor _______ is looking at how abnormal the cells are compared to normal cells (corelates w/ aggressiveness)

Answer 7

grading

Question 8

Tumor staging assesses the _____, ________ and how the cancer has _______. (0-IV)

Answer 8

size, location, spread

Question 9

What are the 2 ways cancer spreads from the originating location?

Answer 9

-lymph nodes
-blood

Question 9

what test or procedure is done for early detection of breast cancer?

Answer 9

Mammography/ Mammogram

**annual screenings starting at age 45

Question 9

T- Tumor (0-3)
N - Nodes (0-2)
M - Metastasis (0-2)

Answer 9

This is the tumor staging TNM system

Question 9

what test or procedure is done for early detection of cervical cancer?

Answer 9

PAP smear and HPV DNA test
**every 3 years

Question 9

What tests are done for early detection of colorectal cancer?

Answer 9

-gFOBT + FIT (annual)
-MT-sDNA (every 3 years)
-flexible sigmoidoscopy FSIG (Q5 years)
-colonoscopy (Q10 years)
-CT colonography (Q5 years)

Question 10

When should women start being screened for endometrial cancer, and informed to look out for unexpected bleeding or spotting?

Answer 10

menopause

Question 11

Low dose CT (LDCT) is done annually to screen for what kind of cancer?

Answer 11

Lung Cancer
**current and former smokers

Question 12

What 2 tests are done to screen for prostate cancer in men?

Answer 12

DRE and PSA test

-digital rectal exam
-Prostate specific antigen

Question 13

Cancer related checkups should begin in men and women at the age of ____. For a physical exam and education on risk factors and exposures.

Answer 13

20

Question 14

Gliomas are the most common type of brain tumor, they infiltrate any part of the brain including the eyes and ears. What are the 5 different types of gliomas?

AGOEM - Andy Got Obliterated Eating Margaritas

Answer 14

Astrocytoma’s
Glioblastoma’s
Oligodendroglioma’s
Ependymoma’s
Medulloblastoma’s

Question 15

Meningioma’s originate in the __________ of the brain?

Answer 15

Meninges

Question 16

Neuroma’s are tumors in the brain that affect the ________ _________.

Answer 16

cranial nerves

Question 17

Which type of tumors affect the pituitary gland and often lead to hormonal imbalances?

Answer 17

Pituitary adenoma’s

Question 18

Angioma’s, AKA _________, are when the blood vessels are involved with the tumor.

Answer 18

hemangioma’s

Question 19

Dermoid
Epidermoid
Teratoma’s
Craniopharyngioma’s

These tumors originate from developmental remnants, what does this mean?

Answer 19

it means these tumors develop from leftover cells or tissues during the early stages of development before birth

Question 20

What is it called when you have tumor(s) in the brain that spread from other tumors in another part of the body?

Answer 20

these are called metastatic lesions

Question 21

______ tumors are not cancer YET + grow slow

Answer 21

benign

Question 22

________ tumors ARE cancer and they grow quickly

Answer 22

malignant

Question 23

What kind of cognitive and neurological disturbances may brain tumors cause?

Answer 23

-increased ICP -personality changes -confusion -seizure activity -speech dysfunction -gait disturbances -altered vision -headache -infection -poor nutrition -constipation -N/V/D -sexual disturbance's -grief/ fear/ anxiety

Question 24

X-rays Cat scan MRI PET scan Computer-assisted stereotactic (three-dimensional biopsy) Surgical Chemotherapy & Hormonal treatment Radiation These are used in the __________ of a brain tumor?

Answer 24

diagnosis

Question 25

If the spinal cord becomes compressed due to a brain tumor, what is the treatment plan for this oncological emergency?

Answer 25

-ABC's (RR) -IV dexamethasone (steroids) -Bladder scan to assess for neurogenic bladder - surgery, radiation, chemo.

Question 26

If a patient is put on seizure precautions due to brain metastasis, what 2 meds will they be on?

Answer 26

-phenytoin for precaution -benzodiazepines for a seizure

Question 27

What is the most common type of eye cancer?

Answer 27

melanoma

Question 28

What are the 5 different types of eye cancer? MNRMR - Maya and Nick Read Many Research-papers

Answer 28

Melanoma Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Retinoblastoma Medulloepithieoma Rhabdomyosarcoma (eye muscle)

Question 29

Where are the 3 places a tumor can form on the ear?

Answer 29

-outer skin -inner ear -middle ear

Question 30

true or false? even though most ear tumors are benign, they may cause hearing loss.

Answer 30

true

Question 31

What are some clinical manifestations that would suggest getting examined by a ENT doctor to diagnose or rule out a tumor?

Answer 31

-tinnitus -dizziness -ear infections -hearing loss

Question 32

What is included in the treatment of ear cancer?

Answer 32

-steroids -chemo -radiation -Mohs surgery

Question 33

What is the surgery called that involves cutting away thin layers of the skin to assess each layer for cancer cells until none are found?

Answer 33

Mohs Surgery

Question 34

What are the risk factors for developing mouth cancer? (4)

Answer 34

-smoking/dip -alcohol use -poor dental hygiene + nutrition -auto immune diseases

Question 35

What are some clinical manifestations that would support a mouth cancer diagnoses?

Answer 35

-mouth sores -ulcers -thickened tissue -numbness

Question 36

How often do you need to be getting dental exams/ check ups?

Answer 36

every 6 months

Question 37

What kind of oral cancer is seen with HIV/AIDS?

Answer 37

Kaposi Sarcoma

Question 38

_______ Sarcoma is found in mucous membranes and the skin, including the entire GI tract from mouth to anus, including the stomach and intestines.

Answer 38

Kaposi

Question 39

How would you describe Kaposi sarcoma tumors?

Answer 39

-purple patches or nodules

Question 40

what are the 2 ways thyroid cancer cells classified?

Answer 40

it is based on how similar they look to normal thyroid cells and the type of cell they developed from

Question 41

what are the 4 types of thyroid cancer?

Answer 41

-follicular -papillary -anaplastic -medullary

Question 42

What are the clinical manifestations to look out for with thyroid cancer?

Answer 42

-palpation of a tumor -hoarse voice -sore throat/ neck -trouble swallowing -wheezing/ cough

Question 43

Pre and post-op removal of a pituitary tumor, make sure to assess and monitor for calcium disruption. What 2 signs can we assess for?

Answer 43

Trousseaus and Chvostek's sign

Question 44

For a pituitary tumor what laboratory tests need to be monitored?

Answer 44

-T4 and T3 -TSH -TRH -CA -CBC -BMP