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PSYC 491 > Week 1 Acculturation and Multiculturalism > Flashcards

Week 1 Acculturation and Multiculturalism Flashcards

1
Q

Acculturation is proposed as a what process

A

multidimensional
process consisting of the confluence among heritage-cultural and receiving-cultural practices, values, and identifications.

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2
Q

an expanded operationalization of acculturation is needed to address the …

A

“immigrant paradox,”

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3
Q

what is the “immigrant paradox”

A

international migrants with more exposure to the
receiving cultural context report poorer mental and physical health outcomes

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4
Q

what is acculturation

A

changes that
take place as a result of contact with culturally dissimilar
people, groups, and social influences

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5
Q

who can acculturation happen to

A

any intercultural contact e.g. globalization so anyone

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6
Q

why are their gaps in values between many migrants
and the societies that are receiving them

A

collectivistic vs individualistic

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7
Q

Acculturation was originally conceptualized as ….

A

a unidimensional process in which retention of the heritage
culture and acquisition of the receiving culture were cast as
opposing ends of a single continuum= as gain one culture must get rid of another = straight line assimilation. receiving and traditional culture are independent dimensions

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8
Q

Within Berry’s model, these two dimensions (old and new culture) intersect to create four
acculturation categories

A

assimilation, integration, marginalization and separation

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9
Q

T: (adopts the receiving culture and discards the heritage culture)

A

assim

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10
Q

T: (rejects the receiving culture and retains the heritage culture)

A

seperation

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11
Q

T: adopts the receiving culture and retains
the heritage culture

A

integration= biculturalism

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12
Q

T: rejects both the
heritage and receiving cultures

A

marginalizaition

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13
Q

which best

A

integration

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14
Q

, the degree of ease versus difficulty
involved in integrating one’s heritage and receiving cultures is, at least in part, determined by …

A

the degree of
similarity (actual or perceived) between the heritage and
receiving cultures

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15
Q

refer to the process of selectively acquiring or retaining elements of one’s heritage culture while
also selectively acquiring some elements from the receiving cultural context :T

A

enculturation

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16
Q

The acculturation categories model, however, has
been criticized on 3 fronts

A

1 the cut point between
high and low is arbitrary and will differ across samples,
making comparisons across studies difficult= not all of Berry’s categories may exist in a given
sample or population, and that some categories may have
multiple subtypes
2 validity of marginalization as an approach
to acculturation has been questioned
3. one size fits all

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17
Q

examined migrants in isolation and used terms
such as …, implying that individual
differences in acculturation outcomes are the result of
specific choices made by migrants

A

acculturation strategies

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18
Q

to understand acculturation, one must understand the …. in which it occurs

A

interactional context

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19
Q

e.g. of context?

A

characteristics of the migrants themselves, the groups or
countries from which they originate, their socioeconomic
status and resources, the country and local community in
which they settle, and their fluency in the language of the
country of settlement

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20
Q

T: refers to membership in a group that holds a specific heritage
and set of values, beliefs, and customs

A

ethnicity`

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21
Q

T: shared meanings, understandings, or referents held by a
group of people

A

culture

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22
Q

Culture is always synonymous with nations and national boundaries. t or f

A

Culture is sometimes, but not always,
synonymous with nations and national boundaries.

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23
Q

what contextual factors effect ease of acculturation

A

language, ethnicity, culture, cultural similarity and the circumstances surrounding their migration

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24
Q

a shared language is part of the fabric of
national identity and that migrants who speak other languages (or cannot speak the language of the country or
region in which they are settling) are considered a …

A

threat to
national unity

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25
Q

Berry enumerated four categories of migrants:

A

voluntary
immigrants, refugees, asylum seekers, and sojourners

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26
Q

do voluntary immigrants leave

A

search of employment, economic
opportunities, marriage, or to join family members who
have immigrated previously

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27
Q

why do refugees leave

A

involuntarily displaced by war, persecution, or natural disasters and are resettled in a new country, usually by virtue
of agreements between international aid agencies and the
governments of those countries that have agreed to accept
the refugees

28
Q

why do asylum seekers leave

A

those who, by their own
choice, seek sanctuary in a new country because of fear of persecution or violence.

29
Q

why do sojourners leave

A

time-limited basis and for a specific purpose, with full intentions to return to their countries of
origin after that period of time is over eg international students or seasonal workers

30
Q

these purposes for leaving contribute to levels of discrimination

A

t seen as a contributor or drain on countries resources

31
Q

acculturative stressors and discrimination
may remain salient beyond the first generation t or f

A

T

32
Q

. For
voluntary migrants—immigrants and asylum seekers—migration occurs because of the confluence of two general
factors:

A

1 (a) The desire or need to leave the country of origin
(the “push”) is stronger than the desire to stay there
2 (b) the receiving country is in need of the type and class of
labor that the migrants have to offer.

33
Q

despite the rapid
population growth among minority groups, Whites have
remained economically advantaged why is this

A

discrimination

34
Q

T: holding even more
strongly onto one’s cultural heritage and resisting adoption of the receiving culture

A

reactive ethnicity

35
Q

… encourages ethnic minority migrants and their descendants to remain
separated from the mainstream receiving culture. (reactive eth)

A

discrimination

36
Q

patterns of acculturation observed in the United States can be translated to all
to other countries of settlement.

A

caution should be taken when generalizing patterns of acculturation

37
Q

history of immigration in US

A

Since the founding of the original
British colonies, the United States has attracted successive
waves of migrants from various parts of the world, starting
with the Irish in the mid-18th century and continuing
through the Germans and Scandinavians in the late 18th
and 19th centuries, the Southern and Eastern Europeans in
the late 19th and 20th centuries, and the “new” immigration
(consisting largely of Latin Americans and Asians) that
started when restrictive immigration quotas were lifted in
1965

38
Q

discrimination against
migrants perceived as different from the mainstream population is a new phenomenon t or f

A

f

39
Q

ethnicity disappears after the
first generation for all im

A

f only for white ones look and act like others

40
Q

hispanic is an american term

A

t grouping all togehter

41
Q

Migrants of color therefore face the task of …

A

integrating
themselves into a society that may never fully accept them

42
Q

To Whom Does
Acculturation Apply?

A

?

43
Q

what factors determine which subgroups of migrants may face
different types of challenges?

A

ethnicity and cultural similarity, age of immigration (acquire cultural practices), visible second generation, ethnic enclaves

44
Q

migrants who arrive as young children as the “… generation”

A

1.5

45
Q

why does age matter

A

most direct
contact with their countries of origin- easily identified as migrants (not speaking language = disrespectful)

46
Q

acculturation is an issue for some, but not all,
second-generation migrants

A

t (recognizable= prompts questioning what ethnicity means to them)

47
Q

problem with studies of acculturation and health?

A

uni rather than bidimensional approaches to studying acculturations

48
Q

“greater” degrees of acculturation were associated with
problematic health outcomes :T

A

immigrant paradox (better to not assimilate for ones health)

49
Q

Hispanics born in the United States, or who have spent a
considerable amount of time in the United States, are more
likely to be diagnosed with psychiatric disorders than are
Hispanics born abroad or who arrived more recently

A

t

50
Q

problem with the link bw acculturation and health

A

doesnt adress biculturalism = not clear which dimension is responsible for the
increase in risk for health-compromising behavior and
whether the practical implication is that immigrants and
their children should (a) be discouraged from acquiring the
practices of their new homelands, (b) be encouraged to
preserve practices and social ties from their countries of
origin, or (c) both.

51
Q

different types of acculturation? which most studied

A

behavioral acculturation,” “value acculturation,” or “identitybased acculturation.”
behavioural most studied

52
Q

e.g. of behavioural acc

A

language use

53
Q

language use explained less than …% of variability in
behavioral and value-based indices of acculturation

A

20

54
Q

T: the extent to which the person (a) has explored what her or
his ethnic group means to her or him (exploration) and (b)
values and feels attached to her/his ethnic group (affirmation)

A

ethnic idnetity

55
Q

3 parts of ethnic identity

A

the extent to which the person (a) has explored what her or
his ethnic group means to her or him (exploration) and (b)
values and feels attached to her/his ethnic group (affirmation)
resolution—having
decided what one’s ethnic group means following a period
of exploration

56
Q

positive or neg outcomes of ethnic identity

A

both reported mostly positive

57
Q

American identity
was associated with self-esteem for all

A

f only for white americans

58
Q

Ethnic identity appears to be protective

A

in
most (but not all) cases, but we do not yet understand the
functions of receiving-culture identity vis-a`-vis mental and
physical health outcomes

59
Q

… like collectivism or machismo,humitity etc are also assumed to change as a result of acculturation

A

Cultural values

60
Q

… attitudes and values may place
the person at risk for health-compromising behaviors,
whereas … attitudes and values may be protective.

A

individualistic, collectivist

61
Q

what is the multiculturalism hypothesis

A

those who are secure in their identity
will be in a psychological position to accept those who are culturally different
from them.=lower levels of ethnocentrism and
more positive views of multiculturalism (both as policy and practice)

62
Q

dominant group members who are
more accepting of a multicultural ideology benefits?

A

higher levels of self-esteem and life satisfaction

63
Q

how accepting are people who exp discrimination

A

made to feel less secure, either by
questioning their right to be who they are (by discrimination or exclusion) or by
threat (to their identity or very existence) = reciprocate this negative affect
by turning against those who undermine their security

64
Q

T persons experiencing rejection by others develop an
identity that is opposite to one that relates to the source of the rejection. holding even more
strongly onto one’s cultural heritage and resisting adoption of the receiving culture.

A

“reactive ethnicity”

65
Q

discrimination encourages ethnic minority migrants and their descendants to …

A

remain
separated from the mainstream receiving culture= reactive eth

PSYC 491 (9 decks)

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