W1: Multiculturalism Flashcards
three different meanings of the
cultural diversity component of multiculturalism
demographic fact (most societies are)
ideology: individuals and groups hold general views about
their acceptance or rejection of this diversity
some governments articu-
late public policies and develop programs with respect to the acceptability and
promotion of diversity
how do these 3 parts relate
These three features are closely related. Without the pre-
sence of diversity there is no need to be concerned with what people think about it,
and there would be no need for governmental action
While there is no question that multiculturalism refers to the presence of cultural
diversity in a society, a second core element of multiculturalism is that of …
equitable participation
diversity without equal participation will lead
to ….; equal participation without diversity will result in
…; in the absence of diversity and equity,
… will likely occur; but when both diversity and equity
are present, …. are found.
separation or segregation
assimilation or the pursuit of the melting pot
marginalization and exclusion
integration and multiculturalism
Multiculturalism as demography
… is home to the most diverse nations
Africa
This figure shows that
… are the most diverse societies, while Japan, (South)
… 3 are the least.
Canada, Spain and Belgium
Korea and Iceland
negative impacts of diversity ?
immigration and ethnic diversity reduce social solidarity,
lower trust and altruism, and are associated with fewer friendships
anti-immigrant sentiments, perceived threat and hostile ethnic attitudes
valuing of immigrants
generally increases and immigrants’ perceptions of discrimination decrease as
a function of …
immigrant density= broader
demographic, social and political factors
diversity can have detrimental effects on academic achievement for both
majority and minority group students
t or posotive consequences
how ethnic and cultural diversity plays out in educational settings is
very much affected by …
other aspects of the school environment, including a
broader approach to multicultural education, student–teacher relationships and
peer norms
good and bad of diversity in workplace?
exposure to diversity can promote enhanced crea-
tivity and perspective-taking or greater conflict, diminished cohesion and lower
productivity= depends upon the context in which the
work takes place
what causes these differences of outcomes of diversity
how diversity and equitable inclusion are managed or
accommodated, which leads us to examine multicultural policy
T: legislated to deal with the management and accommoda-
tion of diversity
multicultural policy
the presence of policies and
programs alone is not sufficient to achieve a truly multicultural society; it is
imperative that the policies and programs are …
systematically implemented
multicultural policy index nine criteria to assess the degree of promotion of
multiculturalism
a government policy promoting multiculturalism, a multicul-
tural ministry or secretariat, adoption of multiculturalism in the school curricula,
ethnic representation in the media, exemptions of cultural groups from codes that
are rooted in the dominant society (e.g., Sunday closing), allowing dual citizenship,
funding of cultural organizations and funding of bilingual or heritage language
instruction
The rankings on this index put … in first
place
Canada and Australia
in europe The
practice of diverse cultures and religions is guaranteed under the Charter of
Fundamental Rights and must be safeguarded, unless ….
The
practice of diverse cultures and religions is guaranteed under the Charter of
Fundamental Rights and must be safeguarded, unless practices conflict with
other inviolable European rights or with national law.”
how to promote integration
accepts the right to cultural maintenance, Frequent interaction between immigrants and Member States citizens, Access for immigrants to institutions, as well as
to private goods and services, learning the national language
Integration is a dynamic, long-term, and continuous two-way process of mutual
accommodation . . . It demands the participation not only of immigrants and their
descendants but of …
every resident”
What are the effects of multicultural policies? discrimination policies
Anti-discrimination policies improve economic outcomes for immigrants
What are the effects of multicultural policies? multicultural policies
more belongingness in terms of citizenship acquisition, have higher
levels of trust and report lower levels of discrimination in countries with more
multicultural policies
that multicultural policies appear to have some modest positive effect on first and second generation immigrants t or f
effects on socio-political integration for first-generation immigrants and likely
little direct effect, positive or negative, on those in the second generation
how dos multi policy benefit dom groups
increase belongingness
what approach (not multicultural has been adopted by some places to promote equality and has negative impacts
colour blind ideologies
T: idespread consensual
beliefs and evaluations about diversity and equity. an appreciation of
diversity and support for cultural maintenance in conjunction with a recognized
need for mutual accommodation that promotes equitable participation
Multiculturalism as ideology
The view of multiculturalism as only ,,, seems to have been the
basis of recent assertions in some European societies stating “multiculturalism has failed.”
cultural diversity (multi-
culturalism has not failed because it was not really attempted in these societies)
If multiculturalism is viewed and accepted only as the tolerated presence of different
cultures in a society, without the simultaneous … through
programs to reduce barriers to equitable participation, then a form of …
is the correct name for such policies, practices and ideologies
promotion of inclusion, segregation
T: any cultural practice is
legitimate, no matter what the laws of the land may state
cultural relativity
what is the counter to arguments of against multiculturalism that anything goes 2
diversity in places of origin (e.g. islam), many Western democracies that
place limits on cultural practices.
multiculturalism in ideological terms rests on the joint value placed on
…(the cultural diversity element) and … (the
intercultural element), but not that of ….
cultural maintenance , equitable participation
cultural relativity.
T: individuals are more likely to sup-
port abstract principles than concrete policies designed to achieve goals
principle-implementation gap
how to multicultural ideologies influences relations?
inclusive and positive intergroup attitudes, pro-immigration
sentiments and intercultural contact, less racial bias and out-group distance and
greater support for liberal policies about the number and sources of immigrants
threat reduces support for multiculturalism for dominant but not for non dominant groups
f both
hree popular understandings of multi-
culturalism as …
diversity, policy and ideology = all intertwined
diversity negatively, and policy
positively predicted self-esteem for I’m yyouth
t
Psychological aspects of multiculturalism
T: how intercultural contact is commonly viewed and experienced as positive or negative,
threatening and anxiety-provoking or interesting and enjoyable on individual level
everyday multiculturalism
can the presence of multiculturalism in a society (as policy or as practice)
be linked to how individuals seek to acculturate, to how well they adapt to the
process, and to the character of their intercultural relations?
One of these ways was described as
integration of ethnocultural groups and their members, and as multiculturalism in the
larger society (as …) and among its members (as …)
policy, multicultural ideology
two core
elements of multiculturalism?
presence of cultural diversity and equal participation
how do settler societies view immigration
asset, correlations between national and ethnic
identities were all positive
the process of acculturation involves
contact between two or more cultural groups and their members, leading to …2,
and eventually to various forms and levels of adaptation
cultural
changes in the groups and to psychological changes in behavior among individuals
there is a single way acculturnation takes place f
various ways in which acculturation can take place (Figure 2.3), in both the
ethnocultural groups and in the larger society. One of these ways was described as
integration
how does settle attitiude translate to im experience
immigrant youth figured out that
it is possible to be “both” in settler societies, but see these two identities as opposed
in other societies
how does acculturation adn relations inlfuecned by degree of diversity
societies that are high on diversity, there was greater
frequency of a preference for integration- also a
higher level of perceived discrimination
why both psychological and sociocultural dimensions of adaption
managing acculturative stress and learning new cultural skills
are challenges for all people who engage in intercultural contact.
T: psychological and emotional well-being that results from
coping effectively with acculturative stress.
adaptation
what does adaptiation look like in practice
acquisition and demonstration of culture-specific skills required to negotiate
intercultural interactions
3 dimensions of adaptation
psyc, socio, ntercultural adaptation
T: how well individuals relate to each other in a multicultural
society, and includes both affect (liking or disliking) and behaviors (acting on these
preferences)
intercultural adaptation
domain-specific adaptation may be a subset of the more
general adaptation domains
t
How does acculturation relate to adaptation in a multicultural society?
Integration (biculturalism)
what is the integration hypothesis
individuals who seek to acculturate by way of the integration strategy,
by being involved with two or more cultures, will have higher levels of well-being
than those who acculturate in other ways, especially by marginalization
why the rel bw integration and + outcomes
those who are “doubly engaged” with both cultures
receive support and resources from both and are competent in dealing with both
cultures
result of non cultural mantience policy (receptive, multicultural environment supported by appropriate policies is
required) in Estonia?
maintenance of Russian culture is associated with lower levels of life
satisfaction and participation in Estonian culture further decreases life satisfaction, suggesting a
negative impact of integration
The linkages between multiculturalism in terms of policies, practices and ideol-
ogies at the national level and adaptive outcomes for individuals are based not only
on objective indicators of these phenomena, but also …. :T
how the individuals perceive
and interpret them – in other words, subjective multiculturalism.
Some researchers (e.g., Chirkov, 2009) have proposed that
cultural practices, identifications, and values can all be
grouped under the heading of “…
what changes during the
process of acculturation.”
We contend that at least among voluntary immigrants, asylum seekers, and refugees, acculturation represents changes in …
cultural identity
define cultural identity
ones cultural practices, values, and identifications
a person is or isnt acculturated
f One would have to specify what one means by “acculturated” and to identify the dimensions in which this acculturation has, or has not, occurred
six components of acculturation?
practices, values, and identifications of the heritage
culture as well as those of the receiving culture
change in one dimension of acculturation necessitates change in another
f
threat plays a paramount role
in … attitudes
authoritarianism and right wing
Perceptions of threat have consistently negative
implications for intercultural relations, particularly when the threatening out-
group is of …, as is often the case for immigrants and ethnic minorities
lower status
contact leads to increased prejudice
contact leads to reductions in prejudice; stronger
effects occur under conditions of optimal contact and in majority, compared to
minority, groups; and knowledge, anxiety and perspective-taking mediate the link
between contact and prejudice
the relationship between con-
tact and prejudice is bidirectional explain
so that contact not only leads
to prejudice reduction, but prejudice diminishes contact
matched versus mismatched acculturation prefer-
ences which better
percep-
tions of convergence result in threat reduction and stronger expectations for enrich-
ing relations
this lack of equitable inclusion is the practice and experience of discrimination at
three levels: …
systemic (in the society); group (excluding groups of people because of
their membership); and personal (diminishing an individual’s opportunity to parti-
cipate as a member of a cultural community)
the single most important contributor to
mutual hostility (that is, reciprocating negative affect) as well as to poor psycho-
logical and sociocultural adaptation- what
discrimination
the contact hypothesis has been repeatedly assessed and has been found to
be largely valid
t Intercultural contact, of course, is a prerequisite for the
inclusion component of multiculturalism
positive ethnic identity and a positive
national identity are compatible ways to think of oneself how to promote
promote a common in-group identity (Dovidio, Gaertner & Kafati, 2000),
which is a superordinate inclusive identity, one that accommodates both national
and ethnic attachments
construing multiculturalism in abstract terms and
in relation to broad goals reduced the extent to which diversity was viewed as
threatening by members of dominant groups; conversely, highlighting the concrete
ways in which multiculturalism can be achieved increased perceptions of threat- how to solve
onus on governments to balance the
benefits of multiculturalism with its costs
is preserving the heritage culture by integrating it with
the receiving culture be associated with the most favorable
mental and physical health profiles?
yes but emperical support is needed
what is context of reception
perceptions of receiving members attitudes and expectations = unfavorable context of
reception are hypothesized as being among the major
sources of stress in the lives of immigrants
match and mismatch
between the acculturating group and the receiving society has what influence
match or mismatch between a given migrant’s practices,
values, and identifications and those that the local and
national communities find most desirable in newcomers
would either modulate or increase the extent of discrimination that that migrant would experience or perceive.
unfavorable context of reception includes …
not
only discrimination and lack of access to jobs and other
social resources but also being marginalized to poor and
unsafe neighborhoods
the match—or
lack thereof—between …. 2 serves as a contributing factor to the extent of discrimination, stress, and
hostility that migrants will experience as they acculturate
migrants’ acculturation orientations
(e.g., separated, assimilated, bicultural) and the expectations of receiving-society individuals
T: unfavorable context of reception
acculturative stress
stressors can come from
perceptions that either…2
(a) receiving-culture individuals
may scorn the person for not being sufficiently oriented
toward the receiving culture and/or (b) the heritage-culture
community may be displeased with the person for abandoning the heritage culture.
how to solve?
become bicultural
different locales within a
given country can have vastly different contexts of reception give an example
toronto or Amsterdam have long histories of
receiving migrants, and indeed migrants comprise sizable
shares of the populations of these cities. In some cases,
these co-ethnic communities may represent sources of support
contexts of reception
change over time give an eg
irish use to be discrim or event litke 911 influe middle eastern migration
Context of reception also includes support that migrants receive from members of the local community and … (is it always objective?
perception of context of perception
