W 3 Personality and acculturation Flashcards
what are the five factors of the Five-Factor Model
(1) extraversion (surgency, sociability), (2) agreeableness
(warmth, likeability), (3) conscientiousness (control, orderliness), (4) neuroticism
(emotionality, anxiety), and (5) intellect/autonomy (independence, curiosity)= openness to exp
conscientiousness positively predicted psychosocial adjustment in what population
respondents went to Taiwan to teach English= helped with task
what personality variables helped expatriates
The evidence particularly supports extra-
version, agreeableness, emotional stability and intellect/autonomy as factors that are
positively related to supervisor-rated performance (Caligiuri, 2000), adjustment to the
new cultural context and expatriate
effectiveness
what aout for immigrants (Cuban refugees in Miami)
extraversion was negatively related to psychopathology among these
refugee
igrants who emigrated from The
Netherland findings
all Big Five factors and indicators of health and well-being
impact of immigration on personality?
canada born chinese revealed the
highest level of extraversion, the recent immigrants showed the lowest scores
on this dimension.
impact of cultural frame switching on personality?
bilingual individuals were more extraverted, agreeable
and conscientious when describing themselves in English than in Spanish
limmitation of FFM
the five dimensions are not specifically attuned to behavioral tendencies that are
relevant in intercultural situations
Multicultural Personality Questionnaire= five-dimensional model of
personality traits that are directly relevant in an intercultural context: what are the 5
cultural
empathy, open-mindedness, social initiative, emotional stabi1lity, and flexibility
MPQ successfully predict acculturation outcomes among migrants: what was found
open-mindedness and emotional stability to be
important predictors of adjustment outcomes among Dutch expatriates based in
several different countries. A study by Van Oudenhoven et al. (2003) among
Western expatriates in Taiwan revealed that social initiative was a strong
predictor of their levels of psychological well-being
what are meta traits? examples and which focus of migrants?
focus= core self-evaluations
others = general sense of control in life, perseverance, and self-confidence
what are core self evaluations
basic evaluations of themselves and their success in and control over
their life (predicted by self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, internal locus of
control and emotional stability)
Self-monitoring entails regulating one’s behavior, thought processes
and emotions in social interaction how related to success
Individuals high in self-
monitoring are more sensitive to social situations and changes. This may imply
that they are better at reading the requirements of a new cultural context= more effective
define coping
cognitive and behavioral
efforts that are used by an individual to reduce the effects of stress
T: the strain that occurs when individuals experience
difficulties in the process of adjusting to a new culture
acculturation stress = anxiety, negative affect and depression
The coping literature distinguishes between active,
problem-focused coping and passive, emotion or cognitive-focused coping what are these and impacts
active coping strategies, such as seeking
a job, making contact with neighbors or learning the language of the host culture,
seem most successful in protecting immigrants against stress
Passive coping strategies such as
acceptance, compromise, and avoidance may be useful for a short period in order to
facilitate acceptance of migration reality
when are active coping strategies not helpful
active coping
strategies may not seem very helpful in uncontrollable situations
long term impacts of passive coping
preventing migrants from
undertaking action to improve their situation.
Four adult attachment styles have been identified based on indivi-
duals’ standing on two dimensions: …
(a) positive versus negative model of self and
(b) positive versus negative model of others.
what are the 4
secure, preoccupied (reoccupation
toward the unworthiness of oneself, combined with a positive evaluation of others.), dismissive (positive model of self and a negative
model of others), fearful (negative
view of both of the self and of others)
which best for immigrants and impact
secure attachment style
facilitates adaptation to new cultures. secure attachment style was related to psychological
adjustment but not to sociocultural adjustment
Reversely, immigration may also function as a form of…, causing migrants to be less securely attached
attachment disrup-
tion
Berrys acculturation model commonality of each approach
most common strategy used is
integration/biculturalism, followed by separation, assimilation and marginalization
Berrys acculturation model commonality of each approach
most common strategy used is
integration/biculturalism, followed by separation, assimilation and marginalization
summerize the personality variables that influence acculturation
developing dual cultural identities and approaching a new culture
are facilitated by personality traits such as emotional stability and extraversion,
and by having a secure attachment style.
are these variables seperate? how might they be related
The relationship between personality
and acculturation may actually be mediated by attachment, with high emotional
stability combined with extraversion providing the personality basis for devel-
oping a secure attachment style which in turn predicts integration
eversely,
personality and attachment may both be affected by cultural transitions, so that,
situations of rejection and discrination towards newcomers, for instance, elecit
from acculturating individuals a reserved and emotionaly untable personality
profile and an insecure attachment style
in cognitive appraisal theory the process of perceiving and interpreting situational stressors is …
“primary apprai-
sal.”
what is secondary apprisal
indicating beliefs about one’s own available resources and the effectiveness of
those resources in a stressful situation
Primary appraisals of situations in
the new country as … and secondary appraisals that … may cause immigrants to prefer marginalization and separation
over assimilation and integration
threatening, one cannot easily
handle this threat
good appraisal strat?
Primary appraisals of the new context’s features
as a positive challenge and secondary appraisals that one is skillful enough to deal
with the challenges likely result in tendencies to assimilate or integrate into the new
society
how does personality influence the perception of threat?
neurological basis of perception to threat?
(in-)sensitivity to threat to the behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
in the brain, and (in-)sensitivity to rewards (positive stimuli) to the behavioral
activation system
neurological basis of perception to threat?
(in-)sensitivity to threat to the behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
in the brain, and (in-)sensitivity to rewards (positive stimuli) to the behavioral
activation system
personality dimensions that are associated with low sensitivity of the BIS as
… traits that are good for migrants (e.g., emotional stability and flexibility), and personality
dimensions that are associated with high sensitivity of the BAS (e.g., social
initiative and open-mindedness) as …. also good for them (less threat perception)
stress-buffering, social-perceptual traits
under what conditions is the BAS not associated with positive outcomes
under high stress
how does influence flex of identity switching influence outcomes
switching between the cultural identity of
the old and the new culture may be stressful
3 types of biculturalism?
blended, alternating, seperated
T: affirm their biculturalism, express pride in their background and consider themselves equally ethnic and mainstream in their cultural orientations. They see the mainstream and ethnic cultures as different but not in conflict, and
they are reluctant to choose one culture over the other.
blended bicultural
T: change in response to sitch. find it more difficult to have two cultures at the same time. Alternating
biculturals perceive the mainstream and ethnic cultures as highly disparate, with
distinct values, ideas and norms, and they experience conflict between the two.
alternating bi
T: not truly bicultural as defined by their psychological identification and attach-
ment; they do not feel welcome in the larger society and do not see themselves as part
of the dominant culture. In short, they identify with their ethnic cultures only.
seperated bi
problem with these types of bi?
confound subjective identity and behaviours
In another extension of
Berry’s model, Roccas and Brewer (2002) proposed that individuals manage their
dual social identities using one of four strategies:
intersectoon, dominance, compartmentalization , merger
T: identification with
the intersection of multiple social groups e.g. Asian-American biculturals who
mainly identify with others who also are Asian-American biculturals)
itnersection
T: identification with one social group (e.g., Asian-American biculturals who mainly
identify with American culture)
dominance
T: identification with
either social group depending on the social context (e.g., Asian-American biculturals
who identify with Asians in one setting and with Americans in another setting),
compartmentalization
T: identification with both social groups simultaneously (Asian-American
biculturals who identify with both Asians and Americans).
merger
problem with this model?
people use many dif strategies
The individual difference dimension underlying differences between blended and
alternating biculturalism has been captured by the concept of …
bicultural identity
integration (BII
T: the degree to which “biculturals perceive their
mainstream and ethnic cultural identities as compatible and integrated versus
oppositional and difficult to integrate”
bicultural identity
integration (BII)
high BII looks like what
perceive overlap rather than disassociation
between their two cultural orientations, and perceive harmony rather than tension
between their two cultures
low BII?
low on bicultural identity integration perceive disassociation and ten-
sion between their two cultural orientations.
what does BII add to Berrys model
by focuses on individuals’ perceptions and feelings about the relationship between their different cultural identities rather than on the cultural
group(s) with which biculturals identify
does objective or subjectives differ-
ences between ethnic and host cultures relate to adjustment
subjective
pros of biculturalism?
better psycho-
logical and sociocultural adjustment, integrated relationships, cog complexity, creative performance, more adept at drawing ideas from the knowl-
edge sets associated with both cultures
for blended and alternating
biculturalism, both individuals high and low in bicultural identity integration endorse
the mainstream (e.g., American) and ethnic (e.g., Chinese) cultures, but differ in their
ability to create …
a synergistic, integrated cultural identity.
low vs high BII when primed with asian or American cues??
high in bicultural identity integration assimilated to cultural cues by
making more prototypical Asian attributions (external) when primed with Asian
cues, and making more prototypical American attributions (internal) when primed
with American cues. Surprisingly, low-BII individuals made more prototypically
American attributions when primed with Asian cues, and more prototypically Asian
attributions when primed with American cues.
bicultural
identity integration involves two relatively independent psychological constructs,
…
cultural harmony vs. conflict and cultural blendedness vs. compartmentalization
Bicultural identity integration’s components of cultural harmony and blend-
edness are relatively independent and have different personality correlates: how does neurotisism and openness relate
individuals high in neu-
roticism perceive less harmony between their native and host culture, and
individuals low in openness to experience blend less their native and host
cultures.
polish
immigrants in Italy suggests that the relationship between acculturation and psy-
chological adjustment is moderated by disposition toward …
self-monitoring
assimilation is more negative and integration is more positive for
psychological well-being among high or low self monitoring ?
high
the question of which acculturation
orientation evokes most acceptance by majority members is very much dependent
upon …
the context (polish must have contact BCS jobs otherwise might isolate to avoid disproval
how does attachment style relate to orientation toward new culture
negative relationship between having an anxious
attachment style and orientation towards the new culture
majority attitudes toward
minority members suggest that majority members prefer migrants who integrate t or f
assimilate
into the dominant culture above immigrants who choose to integrate at least in the case of immigrant groups that are perceived as
threatening= assimilate rather than to integrate for those w strong approval need
3 theoretical perspectives for how personality related to acculturation style?
- personality may be linked to differential
appraisals of intercultural contexts as threatening or positively challenging
2 individual differences may facilitate individuals’ ability to integrate
different cultural frames
3 some personalities are characterized
by a high need for social approval and this may affect their acculturation tendencies
what could be the way these processes dominate in dif phases in time?
situations are simply
appraised in terms of pleasant/unpleasant or reward/threat and in terms of one’s
resources to cope with the situation. Over time, immigrants start to relate to both
cultures. From that moment on, appraisals may be preceded by identity frames.
Whether a situation is a threat or a positive challenge is then colored by the cultural
frame. approval concerns linked to different identities become
more important when individuals start to relate themselves to both the old and the
new culture
In what way can integration policies benefit from these personality perspectives?
First, for those immigrants who develop serious adjustment problems, cognitive
therapy could be aimed at understanding how certain personalities are vulnerable
to (1) dysfunctional appraisals, (2) difficulties with integrating in the self different
cultural frames and identities and (3) use of self-defeating rather than self-enhancing
strategies.
Diagnosis by means of personality assessment may provide a useful
starting point for identifying the nature of dysfunctional cognitions. Second, the
ability to connect to two cultures, as is exemplified by Berry’s integrationist strategy,
has been associated with creativity and innovation (Benet-Martínez, 2012; Tadmor et
al., 2012). Countries may capitalize on the potential resource that immigrants bring
into society by efforts to (a) stress the opportunities of multicultural societies rather
than their threatening features, (b) make multiple identity frames accessible, for
example via the media and (c) define integration policies that value integration rather
than separation and assimilation. Many countries still have a way to go on that road.
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