Prejudice Flashcards
people are often biased against others outside of their own social group (…), showing prejudice (emotional bias), stereotypes (…), and discrimination (…).
out-groups, cognitive bias, behavioral bias
how are these three aspects of bias related?
These three aspects of bias are related, but they each can occur separately from the others
see sceenshot: affect cog and behaviour of Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination
affect (prejudice and ingroup favourtism), behaviour (discrimination), cognition (stereotyping)
T:a specific belief or assumption (thoughts) about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics.
stereotype
sterotypes are only negative
f can be positive just when overgeneralized are applied to all members of a group.
asian sterotype ?
model minority stereotype of Asian Americans as highly intelligent, diligent and good at math can be damaging professionally, academically
black stereotype
black male athletes are often believed to be more athletic, yet less intelligent, than their white male counterparts
impact?
such beliefs often influence how these athletes are treated by others and how they view themselves and their own capabilities
Stereotypes are universal. what does this mean?
Whether or not you agree with a stereotype the content of stereotypes is generally well-known within in a given culture
T: a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group
prejudice
Prejudice is common against who
people who are members of an unfamiliar cultural group
2 types of prejudice?
explicit implicit
define explicit
negative feelings about an out-group that are openly admitted,
problem w explicit studying?
is very difficult to measure because this is generally not socially acceptable. susceptible to socially desirable responding
To address this research bias, psychologists have developed several ways to measure …
implicit prejudice
define implicit
relatively automatic and unconscious in-group preference
T: done on the computer and measures how quickly you can sort words or pictures into different categories
Implicit Association Test
IAT findings for in group?
people tend to be faster at pairing their own group with good categories as compared to pairing others’ groups.
T: this finding generally holds regardless if one’s group is measured according race, age, religion, nationality, and even temporary, insignificant memberships.
t
Automatic associations and unconscious responses are often driven by society’s stereotypes and can result in ..
.discrimination
what is discrimination
negative action toward an individual as a result of one’s membership in a particular group
When someone acts on prejudiced attitudes toward a group of people this is known as
As a result of holding negative beliefs (..) and negative attitudes (…) about a particular group, people often treat the target of prejudice poorly
.stereotypes, prejudice
T: refers to practices (at the social level) which serve to reinforce social norms for preference, privilege and limited access to services and resources.
institutional discrimination
e.g. of instit discrim = systemic practices in healthcare that treat racial and ethnic minorities differently, as well as the effect of chronic prejudice and racism
African Americans have lower life expectancy
Suicide rates among lesbians and gays are substantially higher than rates for the general population
more depression, anger, and anxiety and lower levels of life satisfaction and happiness
Exposure to chronic and persistent discrimination is harmful to our health.
Attitudes toward immigrants among members of receiving societies are important because they may influence ….
support for immigration policies within a nation, the treatment and acceptance of immigrants, the success of immigration policies, the life outcomes of immigrants, and, ultimately, the degree of harmony or discord within the nation.
Construal of the national ingroup and forms of national attachment impact? 2 types of views?
different attitudes toward immigrants, with those holding nativist perceptions also holding more negative attitudes toward immigrants (other civic)
what is natavist perspective?
nativist perceptions of national identity, believing that national identity stems from being born in a particular country
what is a civic/cultural perceptions of national identity
believe that national identity is based on a personal commitment to the country’s laws and institutions as well as a feeling of belonging to that country’s national group.
Two forms of national attachment that affect attitudes toward immigrants are …
nationalism and patriotism
nationalism and patriotism attitude dif toward immigrants
nationalism—i.e., who believe that their nation is superior to others—view immigrants as competitors and hold more negative attitudes toward immigrants. In contrast, individuals who are higher in patriotism—i.e., who express pride and love for their nation—do not hold such negative attitudes toward immigrants
2 types of patriotism
Blind patriotism involves unquestioning support for one’s nation and its policies, and constructive patriotism involves willingness to criticize one’s nation due to positive attachment and a desire to see positive change
influence of Ideological climate>
political elites use symbols, words, and even laws to influence the public’s emotional reactions to national issues and to assign blame for social problems= increase perceptions of threat from immigrants and support for restrictive immigration policies
Personality and individual differences.
agreeableness and openness to experience are significant predictors of more positive attitudes toward immigrants, whereas neuroticism is a significant predictor of more negative attitudes
Social dominance orientation (the preference for intergroup hierarchies and inequality) and Right-wing authoritarianism = more negative att
The drivers of prejudice toward immigrants most studied in the literature are perceived …2
threat and competition
In terms of perceived economic threat and competition, the literature indicates that perceptions … are strong predictors of attitudes toward immigrants among members of receiving communities
of the economic situation of one’s own group and one’s nation. less clear whether perceptions of one’s own economic situation and objective indicators of economic threat and competition
Perceived cultural threat and competition with immigrants revolve around the belief that…
immigrants may come to dominate national culture, thus weakening the receiving society’s culture and eroding national values
which immigrants more threatening to cultural threat
immigrants who are high in cultural adaptation are perceived as less threatening than immigrants who are low in cultural adaptation, more likely with cultures more dif and those that segregate
3 types of threat?
economic, cultural, security and safety
influence of number of immigrans?
rate of arrivals that is more influential in driving threat and prejudice. that rather than the absolute size of immigrant populations in receiving countries, it is the rate of arrivals that is more influential in driving threat and prejudice. perceived rather than true number
Emotions and stereotypes?
empathy (concern for others and their experiences) and apathy (a lack of concern for others’ welfare)
empathy is a better predictor of these attitudes among African Americans, and apathy is a stronger predictor among Whites??
???
Research on the stereotype content model suggests that prejudice toward immigrants is often a function of …, rather than purely negative, stereotypes of immigrants
ambivalent
The stereotype content model asserts that there are two main dimensions to perceptions of groups: …
warmth (e.g., trustworthiness), derived from perceptions of a group’s intentions and competitive/cooperative nature, and competence (e.g., capability), derived from perceptions of a group’s status and economic success
which groups threatening in this model
immigrant groups seen as low competence/high warmth (e.g., Italian immigrants in the United States) eliciting pity and sympathy, and immigrant groups seen as high competence/low warmth (e.g., East Asian immigrants in the United States) eliciting envy and jealousy
contact w immigrants improves things
f contact with immigrants does not have a uniformly positive impact on attitudes= contact hypothesis
Country-Level Differences in Attitudes Toward Immigrants May Be Driven by Historical Context and Perceptions of Immigrant Flows
These countries differ in a variety of ways, including their histories of immigration and perceptions of immigrant flows.
The perception of who immigrants are (what Blinder calls …) may influence in turn overall attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy preferences.
“imagined immigration”
Different Types of Immigrants Are Associated with Different Levels of Prejudicial Attitudes: dif influences ?
immigration category, legality, skill level, national origin/ethnicity, and religion.
category ?
distinction between attitudes toward those recognized as refugees and toward other types of migrants, with a general preference for recognized refugees (but not asylum seekers; (trend toward viewing less favourably )
Legality
the issue of legality tends to overshadow the individual characteristics of immigrants (e.g., human capital, race) in determining categorical reactions to them, with “illegal” immigrants generally triggering negative attitudes with a moralistic foundation
skill level?
attitudes toward high-skilled potential immigrants and asylum seekers tend to be more favorable than attitudes toward low-skilled potential immigrants and asylum seekers
cultrual similarity ?
with White and culturally more similar immigrants (e.g., immigrants from Australia and Western Europe) viewed more favorably than non-White and culturally less similar immigrants
those from poorer countries in Europe, who in turn were preferred to those from poorer countries outside of Europe t or. f
t
specific immigrant groups would fall on the competence–warmth matrix are based not only on nationality per se, but also on the …2
history of immigrants to the United States from that national origin and the circumstances of their arrival.
stereotype content model: stereotypes based on both nationality and social class (e.g., with African and Mexican immigrants clustered in the …group, Irish and Italian immigrants clustered in the …, and Chinese and Korean immigrants clustered in the …).
low warmth/low competence , high warmth/low competence group
low warmth/high competence group
religion preference?
Christian asylum seekers (and, to a lesser extent, agnostic asylum seekers) were consistently rated higher than Muslim asylum seekers
media depiction impact?
Experiments have demonstrated the causal role of these media depictions in the implicit and explicit dehumanization of refugees.
what is dehumanization and connection to prejudice
Dehumanization involves the denial of full humanness to others and their removal from the human species. dehumanization leads to the belief that members of a group are not worthy of fair, humane treatment, legitimizing their further victimization
when presented with what images were most likely to dehumanize I’m
visual depictions of refugees in large groups without recognizable facial features
2 types of discrim
taste based or statistical
what is taste based
taste-based discrimination, which is bias based on individual prejudice against certain groups; this bias stems from dislike of a group per se rather than from expected performance outcomes
what is statistical
discrimination based on specific characteristics—known as productivity-determining characteristics—that are correlated with group membership and could potentially influence outcomes`
e.g. of statistical
landlords may use statistical discrimination to assume that immigrants are at greater risk of not paying rent.
both types of discrimination are based on …, with taste-based discrimination being more affectively based and statistical discrimination being more likely to be based on stereotypes
prejudice
what is problem with researching immigrant discrim
Being an immigrant is potentially associated with a variety of other characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, religion, and location of education or may interact to drive discrim
A partial solution to the problem of distinguishing between taste-based discrimination and statistical discrimination, and of determining whether immigrant status per se is driving effects, is the use of …
correspondence audits
Employment Discrimination Toward Immigrants Depends on Both Immigrant and Company Characteristics- who do they prefer?
religion over immigrants who seem to be more culturally distant. Domestic-born and European-origin applicants were considered to be more likely to be viewed as similar to the recruiters, and foreign-born and Middle Eastern or African origins were assumed to signal cultural distance.
what had more influence birthplace or ethnicity
Immigrant status (birthplace), however, seemed to have a smaller effect than ethnic origin in driving effects, perhaps because the immigrant applicants were specifically described as immigrating at the age of six. small differentiation between first- and second-generation immigrants
more likely in smaller or bigger organization
smaller bcs ikely to have experience with diversity and have fewer resources for recruitment , private companies display higher levels of discrimination in correspondence audits compared to public companies BCS less rules
religious influence ?
being North African or Muslim reduces the likelihood of a positive response, with an additive effect
IAT test findings
negative implicit associations with Arab Muslim men
One explanation for this consistent evidence of employment discrimination toward Muslim immigrants is that Muslims are seen as particularly likely to lack the… required for success in certain job roles due to their religious affiliation.
soft skills
is the soft skills bias true?
discrimination on the basis of presumed soft skills is a form of statistical discrimination whereby Muslim individuals are perceived as less likely to perform well on the job because they lack soft skills. In the current case, however, the same video was being viewed but it was interpreted differently based on the presumed religious affiliation of the immigrant applicant.
Housing Discrimination Toward Immigrants Depends on Both …. 2 characteristics
Immigrant and Neighborhood Characteristics
prevalent discrimination against Middle Eastern and Moroccan immigrants in Europe. Influence of adding info?
Positive information on socioeconomic characteristics improved the situation for these groups but did not completely eliminate the housing discrimination they experienced
infleunce of imm concentration neighbourhood composition on housing bias?
housing discrimination decreased in a linear fashion in relation to immigrant concentration in an area, such that housing discrimination against Moroccan immigrants was reduced in areas with larger shares of immigrants
but also study showing more discrimination against immigrants was evident in regions with higher concentrations of immigrants= discrepent findings
Restrictive Immigration Policies and Practices as Forms of Discrimination?
support for and implementation of restrictive immigration policies and practices may be considered forms of discrimination, immigration policies and practices may both reflect and influence public attitudes. e.g. language of targets vs controls
amily migrants from Turkey and Morocco … bear ‘characteristics that are unfavorable for good integration into Dutch society, Germany, those proposing pre-entry language tests for spouses explicitly justified the targeting of Muslim immigrants because of their “cultural backwardness”
examples
Immigrants’ Perceptions of Discrimination and the Role of National Origin and Context
T: subjective experience of being unfairly or unequally treated based on social group membership
Perceived discrimination
there is not a one-to-one correspondence between acts of discrimination and perceptions of discrimination t or f
t
what contemporary phenom makes worse percieved discrim
he prevalence of subtle bias means that targets of discrimination may not be sure whether the cues they are using to identify bias are accurate. for immigrants today, the disconnect between actual discrimination and perceived discrimination may be quite large.
Perceptions of discrimination have been found to differ among immigrant groups on the basis of a wide variety of factors, including not …4
only race and immigrant status but also language ability, class, and perceived foreignness.
this discrimination was seen as most likely to occur at work or when applying for a …3
job, in a customer service situation, and on the street
There also seems to be an indication that perceptions of discrimination in the United States increase with length of time in the country why
expectations in perceiving discrimination, more sensitive to unequal treatment and attribute it to discrimination
influence of spatial clustering of perceived discrimination
while native-born individuals’ attitudes toward immigrants vary across localities, immigrants’ perceptions of discrimination do not, suggesting a disconnect between native-born individuals’ attitudes toward immigrants and immigrants’ perceptions of discrimination= perceptual
The Impact of Discrimination in Employment, Housing, and Immigration Policy for Immigrants, Immigrant Families, and Receiving Societies
CONSEQUENCES OF DISCRIMINATION
The Impact of Discrimination in Employment, Housing, and Immigration Policy for Immigrants, Immigrant Families, and Receiving Societies,
Consequences of employment discrimination
if discrimination toward these individuals is occurring, both the immigrants and the receiving society lose out, with the skills of new immigrants not being fully utilized. underemployed, working in jobs that underutilize their education, skills, and previous work experience. This leads to lower economic and psychological well-being, economic losses resulting from the unemployment and underemployment. skills may not be fully utilized. implications for the families of immigrants, including their children
Consequences of housing discrimination
elclave, social support, work and healthcare access
enclave pros and cons
benefits include feelings of comfort in daily interactions with co-ethnics; the disadvantages include barriers to accessing mainstream services and resources as well as barriers to economic opportunities and the establishment of social capital outside of one’s immigrant group.
what are the trust issues
immigrants tend to trust others less than nonimmigrants
what are the life satisfaction issues
first year post-migration (sometimes considered the honeymoon period), immigrants, particularly those from African, Asian, and Turkish backgrounds, report lower levels of life satisfaction than the native born, and that these differences are reduced significantly when perceived discrimination is taken into account.
mental health?
perceptions of overt discrimination were associated with lower positive affect experienced by the immigrants, whereas perceptions of subtle discrimination were associated with depressive symptoms. the latter relation was mediated by cognitive appraisals of the discrimination as frustrating and excluding, and as a source of feelings of powerlessness and shame.
physical health?
the effects of perceived discrimination on physical health were mediated by its effects on mental health: Perceived discrimination led to poorer mental health, which in turn led to poorer physical health. perceived discrimination that was experienced as stressful predicted poorer health across all three measures
