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2015PSY > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Lifespan development

A

the study of factors that influence consistency & transformation from conception to death

A dynamic, lifelong process

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2
Q

Types of development

A
  • Bi-directional
  • Plasticity
  • Multi-dimensional: Physical, emotional, social, perceptual, personality, intellectual
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3
Q

Major periods of development

A

*look up image

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4
Q

Changing historical context of development

A
  • Medieval Europe: children as miniature adults, no concept of ‘adolescence’
    -> Adolescence
    .. 19th – 20th century phenomenon
    .. compulsory schooling mid 1800s
    .. separate juvenile courts/prisons Australia 1889
    -> Emerging Adulthood
    .. 21st century western phenomenon
    .. Arnett (2000): 18 to 25 years
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5
Q

Changes in life expectancy

A
  • Australia 1890: males 47.2, females 50
  • 2009: males 79.3, females 83.9

Early theories saw development plateau after adolescence, & inevitably decline with age

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6
Q

Influences in development

A

Normative age-graded influences: similar biological influences for individuals at same age – e.g. puberty

Normative history-graded influences: why people born at the same time (cohort) tend to be similar-impact on a generation

Non-normative life events: unique occurrences that impact on the individual, independent of the historical period

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7
Q

Normative history-graded influences

A

*look up image

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8
Q

Major developmental theories

A

Major theories to be covered
.. Psychoanalytic theories -> Freud & Erikson
.. Learning (behaviourist) theories -> Pavlov, Skinner, & Bandura
.. Cognitive developmental theories -> Piaget, Vygotsky & Information-Processing Perspective
.. Ethological & Evolutionary theories -> Lorenz, Bowlby
.. Ecological theories -> Bronfenbrenner

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9
Q

Psychoanalytic theories of development

A
  • Freud and Erikson
  • People move through a series of stages where they confront conflicts between biological drives & social expectations
  • > Psychosexual stages of development & how 3 parts of personality (id, ego & super-ego) become integrated through these stages
  • > Freud was the first person to emphasise the importance of the parent-child relationship on development
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10
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development

A
  • look up image
  • Saw development as continuing throughout the lifespan
  • Fundamental psychosocial conflict at each stage
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11
Q

Behaviourism developmental theories

A

Traditional behaviourism

  • Pavlov: classical conditioning
  • Watson: Little Albert
  • Skinner: operant conditioning theory

Social Learning Theory
- Bandura: influence of modelling & observational learning

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12
Q

Cognitive developmental theories

A
  • Piaget: Rather than reinforcement, children develop through brain maturation & manipulation, exploration of environment
  • Information-processing theories: views development similarly to computer model – how info is attended to, encoded, stored & decoded
  • Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory: development is socially mediated, varies across culture
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13
Q

Developmental theories - evolutionary

A

Ethological & Evolutionary theories
- Lorenz: addresses the adaptive value of behaviour; imprinting

  • Bowlby: applied ethnological theory to understanding caregiver-child relationship; attachment
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14
Q

Bronfenbrenner: ecological systems theory

A

*look up image

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15
Q

Environmental influences on development

A
  • Family
  • SES
    .. Affluence
    .. Poverty
  • Neighbourhoods, towns and cities
  • Cultural context
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16
Q

Environmental influences: family

A
  • Bidirectional: behaviours of each family member affect behaviours of others
  • Direct Influence: parents who use harsh discipline have more aggressive children; more aggressive children evoke more discipline
  • Indirect influence: 3rd parties; positive or negative influence on development
  • Degree of marital/parental relationship conflict/harmony impacts on parenting
  • Prolonged exposure to unresolved conflict impacts on child’s emotional stability
17
Q

Examples of family influence

A

*look up image

18
Q

Environmental influence: socioeconomic status

A

Measured by 3 related variables
..Level of education.. Occupational skills.. Income
-> Australia: Index of Relative Advantage/Disadvantage based on postcode
- Related to family size, age of parenting
- Time & resources available for engaged parenting
- Higher parental education = more likely to invest in cognitive development
- Related to differences in values, expectations, and behaviours
-> e.g., Communication styles, home literacy environment

19
Q

Family and socioeconomic status influence examples

A
  • look up images
  • dinner with parents example
  • language input example
20
Q

Life pathways: environment and genetics

A
  • Early foundations (gene/environ) are the starting point and set the stage for who we are today
    -> Determine/influence:
    .. Physiological health
    .. Psychological health
    .. Attachments
    .. Emotional regulation
21
Q

The relationship between environment and heredity

A

Epigenetic Framework

- epigenesis: bidirectional influences of heredity and environment (including person’s own behaviour) on development

22
Q

Behavioural genetics

A

the study of degree and nature of behaviour’s hereditary versus environmental basis
- One way we study this is through kinship studies

23
Q

Kinship studies

A

*look up image

24
Q

Heritability and heritability estimate

A

Heritability
- The extent to which individual differences in complex traits are due to genetic factors (Note: True only for mid-high SES samples)

Heritability estimate
- Measures the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors

25
Q

Kinship studies heritability estimate

A

*look up image

26
Q

However genes don’t work alone

A
  • Due to unique genetic makeup, we respond differently to the same environments
  • For example, some of us more susceptible to schizophrenia than others
  • Early stressors interact with genetic susceptibility
27
Q

Multifactorial inheritance

A

Genes + environment
- Example: alcohol-dependence
- Approx. 50% genetic susceptibility
.. Some contribute directly
.. Some contribute to “endophenotypes”, intermediaries, like impulsive personality
- 50% environmental factors + gene-environment interactions

28
Q

Gene-environment correlations

A
  • Makes it hard to separate gene & environ.
  • Genes influence environments to which we are
    exposed
    -> Passive correlation:: child has no control (athletic parents)
    -> Evocative correlation: children evoke responses that are influenced by heredity, which reinforce characteristic (e.g. friendly child gets warm, responsive parenting)
    -> Active correlation: (niche-picking) actively choose environments that complement heredity, increases with age (musical kids seeks out band/orchestra)

2015PSY (11 decks)

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