Module 9

Question 1

Level of commitment V level of exploration

Answer 1

*look up image

Question 2

Moral development - Kohlberg’s theory

Answer 2

• Cognitive developmental approach
• Focus: development of reasoning about moral dilemmas
• Used moral dilemma stories like Heinz dilemma-
• Classified into 3 levels, 6 stages based on responses

Question 3

Preconventional level - Kohlberg’s theory

Answer 3

Stage 1 – Punishment and Obedience Orientation
Punishment avoidance is “right”

Stage 2 – Instrumental Purpose Orientation
Whatever benefits the individual is “right”

Question 4

Conventional level - Kohlberg’s theory

Answer 4

Stage 3 – Good boy-Good girl Orientation
Behaviour that pleases others is “right”

Stage 4 – Social-order-maintaining (Law & Order) Orientation
Authorities & rules determine what’s “right”

Question 5

Post-Conventional level - Kohlberg’s theory

Answer 5

Stage 5 – Social Contract Orientation
Values and principles not laws govern what is “right”

Stage 6 – Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
Universal principles determine “right”

Question 6

Developmental progression - Kohlberg’s theory

Answer 6

• Most children Stages 1 & 2
• Adolescents Stage 3
• Adults approx. 30% Stage 3; 60% Stage 4; < 10% Stage 5
• Stage 6 not always included due to few qualifying

Question 7

Evaluation of Kohlberg’s theory

Answer 7

• Too much emphasis on moral reasoning, too little on moral behaviour
• Reasoning real life dilemmas lower as entail practical considerations and emotional reaction
• Gibbs et al. (2007) meta-analysis found similar developmental trends across stages 1 – 4 across cultures

Question 8

Influences on moral development

Answer 8

Parents
Peers
Schooling
Culture
Religious/spiritual beliefs

Question 9

Parent-child relationships

Answer 9

• Anna Freud (1958): need to unconsciously break childish attachments to be free to love peers
• Youniss (1983): transformation rather than traumatic severing of primary attachment to parents

Question 10

Parenting behaviours

Answer 10

Warm, supportive parenting: optimal adolescent development

Coercive, controlling parenting:

• Low self-esteem
• Depression
• Substance abuse
• Antisocial behaviour

Uninvolved parenting: delinquency and risky behaviour

Question 11

Parent-adolescent conflict

Answer 11

• Mainly daily living hassles
• Adolescents engage in psychological distancing
• Independence vs. control/protection

Question 12

Conflicting developmental tasks (parent-adolescent)

Answer 12

Endless possibilities for future versus narrowing possibilities, ending roles

Discovering love and sex versus lowest point in marital satisfaction, peak time for divorce

Prime physical development versus first noticeable signs of aging

Question 13

Parent-adolescent conflict strongest when

Answer 13

Conflict strongest:

• early adolescence
• girls
• early maturers
• first borns
• with mothers (Caspi et al, 1993)

Conflict level predicted by quality of relationship

Question 14

Functions of friendships in adolescence

Answer 14

Brown (1990) Functions of friendships in adolescence

• mutual support- physical + social changes
• experimentation with roles & identity
• forum for questioning adult values
• meeting opposite sex

Increased intimacy with same-sex friends most important
- assistance with sexuality and identity

Question 15

Cliques and crowds - Dunphy 1963

Answer 15

Cliques

• groups of 2 – 12 members (mean 5 – 6)
• live near each other
• meet up during week to share, plan, talk, etc.
• often same sex

Crowds

• aggregates of 2 or more cliques (mean 20)
• meet up weekends for social functions
• based on reputation and stereotypes

Question 16

Cliques in adolescence

Answer 16

• Initial cliques unisex
• Move to mixed sex cliques to facilitate dating
• Breakdown of cliques and crowds in later adolescence
• > Increased sense of identity
• > Increased ease with opposite sex
• > More time in dating pairs

Question 17

Peer pressure

Answer 17

strongest early adolescence
negative peer pressure associated with:
- shyness
- transition to new school
- aspiration to higher status peer group
- low self-esteem
- poor relationships with parents
- authoritarian, permissive or uninvolved parenting

Question 18

Juvenile delinquency

Answer 18

Juvenile delinquency more legalistic term
CONDUCT DISORDER
Age inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, social norms, and personal or property rights of others
*look up image

Question 19

Conduct disorder DSM-V diagnostic criteria

Answer 19

3 + behaviours over previous 12 months from following categories:

• aggression to people and animals (e.g., bullying, fighting, weapon use, forced sex)
• destruction of property
• deceitfulness or theft (e.g., robbery, cons people, shoplifting, forgery)
• serious violation of rules (e.g., truancy, running away)

Question 20

Interventions and treatment for juvenile delinquency

Answer 20

Effective interventions :

• Functional Family Therapy (FFT; Alexander & Parsons, 1982)
• Multisystemic Therapy (MST; Henggeler et al., 2009)
• Multidimensional treatment foster care (MTFC; Chamberlain, 2003)