Week 1 Flashcards
what is the pubertal development scale called?
tanner stages
can a parent authorise treatment if a competent young person has denied treatment and the treatment is in their best interest?
no, you would need to seek legal advice
name the framework used to for topics of discussion with young people
HEEADSSS home education/employment eating activity drugs sex suicidality safety
what particular things should you ask in drug history that are usually forgotten?
inhalers
creams
contraception
can breastfeeding prevent pneumonia?
yes
treatment for diarrhoea?
rehydration eg by oral solution
zinc supplements
how do oral rehydration solutions work?
creates osmotic pull for water so it is instantly absorbed in the jejeunum
how can HIV present in a baby?
recurrent bacterial infections or thrush
lymphadenopathy
persistent fever
recurrent childhood illnesses
when would HIV be classed as an epidemic?
prevalent in >1% of pregnant women
diagnostic tests for HIV in a child <18 months?
viral PCR
diagnostic test for HIV in a child >18 months?
serological rapid antibody test
treatment for HIV in children?
two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors + 1 non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
prophylactic co-trimoxazole
TB investigations?
acid fast bacilli
ifny release assay
CXR
TB treatment in children?
RIPE rifampicin isoniazide pyrazinamid ethambutol
what vaccine prevents TB?
BCG
malaria presentation?
fever
pallor
non specific malaise
malaria investigations?
blood film for microscopy
malaria treatment?
artemisinin based combo therapy for 3 days
inheritable disorders that can cause obesity?
downs syndrome
prader willi syndrome
duchennes muscular dystrophy
fragile X
recommended screen time for children
<2hrs per day
recommended physical activity for under 5s who can walk?
> 3hrs per day
recommended physical activity for >5s?
1hr per day
when would orlistat be introduced to young people with obesity?
if they are severely obese with comorbidities and are attending a specialist clinic
what is the 1 2 3 approach to obesity?
1hr of physical activity
2hrs max screen time
3 balanced meals
name the 4 categories of milestone in child development?
gross motor skills
fine motor and vision
language and hearing
social and play
what motor/vision exercise should a baby be able to do by 6 weeks?
follow a torch
when should a baby’s head stop lagging?
3 months
when should a baby be able to drink from a cup?
1 yr
when should a baby be able to run?
18 months
when should a child be able to respond to and know their name?
1yr
when should a child start making sounds eg ahgaga
9 months
when should a child stand?
12 months
when should a child crawl?
9 months
after how many months would not walking be a red flag?
18 months
how many months of supported sitting would be a red flag?
12 months
when would not speaking be a red flag?
18 months
what investigation should be done into a child with a red flag for walking?
CK
define global developmental delay?
significant delay in 2 categories of development
give examples of motor delays?
cerebral palsy
duchenne muscular dystrophy
give an example of developmental deviation disorder?
autism
how would you investigate developmental delay?
chromosomes FRAZ oligoarray CGH CK neonatal PKU
what kind of jaundice is most common in babies?
breast milk jaundice
when is jaundice termed as “prolonged” in term infants?
2 weeks
when is jaundice termed as “prolonged” in preterm infants?
21 days
most common presentations in the newborn?
jaundice
vomiting
failure to thrive
sepsis
causes of vomiting in a newborn?
reflux
pyloric stenosis
duodenal atresia
5 most common respiratory problems in children?
bronchiolitis croup viral URTI asthma acute tonsillitis
what bug is the cause of acute epiglottitis?
influenza B
how could you detect nausea in a child from the history?
if they aren’t eating
normal resp rate for a child <1?
30-40
normal resp rate for a child aged 1-2?
25-35
nomal resp rate for a 2-5yr old?
25-30
normal resp rate for a 5-12 year old?
20-25
normal resp rate for over 12s?
<20
intussusception presentation?
PR bleeding, jelly like stool, abdo pain
colic presentation?
abdo pain
drawing legs up after feed
most common surgical causes of abdo pain in infants?
intussusception
volvulus
incarcerated hernia
who typically gets osgood schlatters?
adolescent active boys
what MSK problem would a limp in a child suggest?
DDH
perthes
transient synovitis
what would joint pain in a child indicate?
reactive arthritis perthes sufe osgood schlatters growing pains bone tumour
treatment for impetigo - mild and severe?
mild - topical
severe - IV antibiotics
what virus caused slap cheek?
parvovirus b19
scarlet fever presentation?
red cheeks
tonsillitis
fever
strawberry tongue
most common cause of limp in a child?
transient synovitis
how can you examine a child for dehydration?
check fontanelle to see if it is sunken
what kind of cry is considered a red flag?
weak
high pitched
continuous
what urine output would be considered a red flag?
none in 18h
what cap refill would be considered an amber flag?
> 3 secs
what does gower’s sign indicate?
weakness of the pelvic girdle
what kind of inheritance is neurofibromatosis type 1?
autosomal dominant
how do you treat hydrocephalus in cerebral palsy?
drain via ventriculoperitoneal shunt
what type of hearing loss results from a blockage of the ear?
conductive
what type of hearing loss is glue ear?
conductive
how do you treat glue ear?
use a grommet
what weeks of pregnancy are most likely for the baby to get spastic diaplegic cerebral palsy?
24-32 weeks
what kind of gait do cerebral palsy patients have?
intoeing
name the components of the autism triad
flexibility of thinking
social interaction
communication
what category of development to children with albinism struggle with and why?
fine motor due to vision problems
when should children lose the atonic neck reflex?
6 months
in what condition do children retain the atonic neck reflex >6 months?
cerebral palsy
name 2 methods of passive immunity
mother to baby
blood donation
injection of human Ig or anti-toxin
how long do mum’s antibodies last in baby?
1 yr
what is a toxin?
a part of a virus/organism
is an anti-toxin or vaccine faster acting?
anti-toxin
which of these is NOT a live attenuated virus vaccine? flu rotavirus MMR typhoid varicella
typhoid (inactivated)
name 4 contraindications to vaccination?
previous anaphylactic reaction to vaccine
immunosuppression/pregancy (live)
egg allergy for yellow fever/flu
acute illness
characteristic presentation of diphtheria?
white membrane inside mouth and/or nose
bacteria responsible for diphtheria?
corynebacterium diptheriae
in what age groups is meningococcal disease most active?
<5
15-24
when does human brain development begin?
week 3 of pregnancy
how does PKU affect the brain?
phenylalanine produced by mother is a precursor to neurotransmitters in the child’s brain
what timeframe is the embryonic period to and from?
conception to week 9
what timeframe is fetal development from and to?
week 9-40
what is the stage after fetal development called?
post natal development
what are the 2 starting layers of the embryo called?
epiblast and hypoblast
what do the epiblast and hypoblast eventually become?
epiblast becomes baby
hypoblast becomes placenta and cord
what does the primitive node do?
conducts how the embryo behaves and moves
what does the ectoderm eventually form?
skin
nails
hair
neural tissue
what does the mesoderm eventually fom?
muscle
bone
cartilage
vascular system
what does the endoderm eventually form?
gut
respiratory system
what is the first neural structure to form in development?
neural tube
what lines the inner (ventricular) zone of the neural tube?
neural progenitors
what does the bottom of the neural tube form?
spinal cord
name 2 cells made in the ventricular zone of the neural tube?
progenitor cells
neurons
which cells migrate from the ventricular zone?
neurons
do cells closer or further away from the neural tube migrate further?
closer
what do dendrites do?
gather info and transmit to neurons
what do axons do?
transmit signals from neurons
does brain development continue into adolescence?
yes
is there an increase of white or grey matter in adolescence?
white
what part of the brain is the first to evolve in adolescence?
sensorimotor cortex
X drives anatomical reorganisation of the brain in adolescence
X = the limbic system
what is holoprosencephaly?
failure of brain vesicles to form
what impact does malnutrition have on the brain?
damages brain growth, volume and myelination
