Paediatric ENT

Question 1

what causes sound?

Answer 1

oscillating molecules set in motion by vibration

Question 2

what does the frequency of a sound dictate?

Answer 2

pitch

Question 3

what does the amplitude of a sound dictate?

Answer 3

intensity

Question 4

name the minimum and maximum amount of Hz that a human can hear

Answer 4

20Hz-20,000Hz

Question 5

what part of the ear is seen as a “receiver”?

Answer 5

external part of ear

Question 6

what part of the ear is seen as the “transducer”?

Answer 6

inner ear

Question 7

what part of the ear is seen as the amplifier mechanism?

Answer 7

middle ear

Question 8

what type of wave is a sound wave?

Answer 8

sin

Question 9

what is the tympanic membrane also known as?

Answer 9

eardrum

Question 10

what is the tympanic membrance : oval window ratio?

Answer 10

18 : 1

Question 11

what is the ECOLI mnemonic and what does it describe?

Answer 11

Eighth cranial nerve eg wave 1
Cochlear nucleus
Olivary complex (superior)
Lateral lemniscus
Inferior colliculis eg wave 5

the ascending order of structures that corresponds to each waveform in an auditory brainstem response (ABR) tracing

Question 12

how many weeks into gestation can foetuses hear?

Answer 12

18 weeks

Question 13

how many weeks into gestation can foetuses respond to sound/voice?

Answer 13

26 weeks

Question 14

what is the ratio of children will have severe hearing loss at birth?

Answer 14

1 in 1000

Question 15

give an example of syllable deletion by a child?

Answer 15

nana instead of banana

Question 16

when should you investigate delayed speech?

Answer 16

if the baby is 6 months behind the checkpoint

Question 17

when should a child with delayed speech be referred to SALT?

Answer 17

27 months

Question 18

do bilingual children take longer or shorter to speak their first words?

Answer 18

longer

Question 19

what happens in auditory processing disorder?

Answer 19

ear and brain are normal but don’t understand words

Question 20

what neurodevelopmental disorders can present with delayed speech?

Answer 20

ADHD
autism spectrum disorder
verbal dyspraxia
developmental delay

Question 21

out of the children presenting with hearing loss at birth, what percentage are caused by genetics?

Answer 21

50% genetic

50% acquired

Question 22

when are children screened for hearing loss?

Answer 22

first 2 weeks of life

Question 23

what do inner hair cells do?

Answer 23

hear sounds

Question 24

what do outer hair cells do?

Answer 24

receive impulses from brain to modulate sounds

Question 25

what is an OAE?

Answer 25

otoacoustic emission/sound

Question 26

how is early hearing loss treated?

Answer 26

cochlear implant

Question 27

most common cause of congenital hearing loss?

Answer 27

non-syndromic (linked to mutation in the genes coding for inner ear proteins)

Question 28

what symptom other than hearing loss does usher syndrome present with

Answer 28

retinitis pigmentosa

Question 29

what symptom other than hearing loss does pendred syndrome present with?

Answer 29

goitre

Question 30

what symptoms other than hearing loss does alport syndrome present with?

Answer 30

eye abnormalities
progressive renal disease
haematuria

Question 31

how are most ear syndromes inherited?

Answer 31

autosomal recessive inheritance