Week 1 Flashcards
What is inflammation of the cornea?
Keratitis
What is inflammation of the entire globe?
Endophthalmitis
Name a common eye condition which is very common and involves a red eye with sticky discharge?
Bacterial conjunctivitis
Name the three organisms that commonly cause bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates?
Staph aureus
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia trachomatis
What should you do when presented with bacterial cponjucntivitis in neonates?
Refer all cases to opthalmology
What are the three most common bacteria to cause bacterial conjunctivitis in other ages?
Staph aureus
Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
How is bacterial conjunctivitis treated?
With topical antibiotic - chloramphenical
When should you aboid using chloramphenical?
If history of aplastic anaemia or allergy
Name three viruses that can cause viral conjunctivitis?
- Adenovirus
- Herpes simplex
- Herpes zoster
What does Hitchinson robinsons sign suggest?
Herpes zoster - sits in trigeminal nerve ganglion then comes out sometimes after URTI
What condition should you suspect in bilateral conjunctivitis in young adults, may or may not have symptoms of urethritis and vaginitis?
Chlamydial conjunctivitis
What condition can present with wet rice grains on eye and feels like blinking over stones?
Chlamydial conjunctivitis
How is collagen in the cornea alligned?
Parallel to be transpartent
What should you do if you see a white mark with level in a red eye?
Urgent referral
What is bacterial keratitis usually associated with?
Other corneal pathology o contact lens wear
What type of ulcer is herpetic keratitis?
Dendritic - looks like it has branches
What condition is very painful, can be recurrent and recurrences eventually result in reduced corneal sensation?
Herpetic keratitis
What should NOT be used in herpetic keratitis?
Steroids - can cause corneal melt and perforation of the cornea
What eye condition gives subepithelial infiltrates?
Adenoviral keratitis
What eye condition is bilateral, usually follows an URTI, is contagious and may affect vision?
Adenoviral keratitis
How is adenoviral keratitis treated?
Give topical AB to prevent secondary infection and can require steroids if chronic
Give two fungi which can cause keratitis? Especially in contact lens
Acanthamoeba
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What is normally in the history with fungal keratits?
History of trauma from vegetation - takes a long time to heal
What condition is painful - especially on eye movements, has proptosis, often associated with paranasal sinusitis, pyrexial and is sight threatening?
Orbital cellulitis
What investigation is done in orbital cellulitis?
CT scan
How is orbital cellulitis treated?
Broad spectrum antibiotics and drainage
What condition is devastating infection inside of the eye and occurs post surgically or endogenous?
Endophthalmitis
What are symptoms of endophthalmitis?
Painful with decreasing vision, very red eye and sight threatening
What is the most common conjunctival commensal to infect endophthalmitis?
Staph epidermidis
How is endophthalmitis treated?
With intravitreal amikacin and vancomycin and topical antibiotics
What disease can cause CMV retinitis?
AIDS
What infection of the eye comes from tics and presents with ,ild flu liek illness?
Toxoplasmosis
What parasite affects cats and dogs, unable to replicate in humans, remains an aimmature form of teh worm and is self limiting and can form granulomas which can cause irreversible visual los?
Toxocara
How is bacterial eye infection diagnosed?
Swabs for culture
How is bacterial keratitis diagnosed?
Corneal scrapes
How is endiophthalmitis diagnosed?
Aquous/vitreous for culture
How is acanthamoeba diagnosed?
Microscopy/culture
How is toxoplasma and toxocara diagnosed?
Serology
How does chloramphenicol work?
Inhibits peptidyl transferase enzyme - therefore stops bacterial protein being made
Name a syndrome chloramphenicol can cause?
Greyu baby syndrome
Can you use chloramphenicol in children?
No
What condition is caused by stasis of tears?
Dacrocystitis - treat with antibiotics
Name a common contaminent of eye drop bottles?
Pseudomonas
Name an eye condition antivbirals are used for?
Dendritic ulcers of cornea
In bacterial conjunctivitis - what bacteria does chloramphenicol not treat?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
In bacterial conjunctivitis what does fusidic acid treat?
Staph aureus
What antibioitic is used to treat pseudomonas or gram neg bacterial conjunctivitis?
Gentamici
How is chlamydial conjunctivitis treated?
Topical oxytetracycline - but adults may also need oral azithromycin treatment for genital chlamydia infection
What condition is rare, bilateral granulomatous uveitis due to trauma or surgery?
Sympathetic ophthalmia
What hypersensitivity reaction is acute allergic conjunctivitis?
Type I
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is ocular cicatricial pemphigoid?
Direct cell killing - type II
What type of hypersesnitivity reaction is autoimmune corneal melting?
Immune complex mediated
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is corneal graft reject?
Delayed type 4
Where is CSF produced?
In the secretory epithelium of the choroid plexus
What is formed in the ventricles and then circulates in the subarachnoid space then absorbed into venous circulation?
Cerebrospinal fluid
Where is the choroid plexus in the brain found?
In the 3rd, 4th and lateral venticles
What connects the ventricles to the fourth ventricle/
Aqueduct in midbrain
What does the BBB in endothelial cells in brain capillaries consist od?
- Capillary endothelium
- Basal membrane
- Perivascular astrocytes
What causes headache and visual disturbances due to papilloaedema and is an enigmatic condition?
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension/psuedotumour cerebri
