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JL Opthalmology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is inflammation of the cornea?

A

Keratitis

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2
Q

What is inflammation of the entire globe?

A

Endophthalmitis

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3
Q

Name a common eye condition which is very common and involves a red eye with sticky discharge?

A

Bacterial conjunctivitis

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4
Q

Name the three organisms that commonly cause bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates?

A

Staph aureus
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia trachomatis

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5
Q

What should you do when presented with bacterial cponjucntivitis in neonates?

A

Refer all cases to opthalmology

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6
Q

What are the three most common bacteria to cause bacterial conjunctivitis in other ages?

A

Staph aureus
Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae

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7
Q

How is bacterial conjunctivitis treated?

A

With topical antibiotic - chloramphenical

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8
Q

When should you aboid using chloramphenical?

A

If history of aplastic anaemia or allergy

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9
Q

Name three viruses that can cause viral conjunctivitis?

A
  1. Adenovirus
  2. Herpes simplex
  3. Herpes zoster
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10
Q

What does Hitchinson robinsons sign suggest?

A

Herpes zoster - sits in trigeminal nerve ganglion then comes out sometimes after URTI

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11
Q

What condition should you suspect in bilateral conjunctivitis in young adults, may or may not have symptoms of urethritis and vaginitis?

A

Chlamydial conjunctivitis

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12
Q

What condition can present with wet rice grains on eye and feels like blinking over stones?

A

Chlamydial conjunctivitis

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13
Q

How is collagen in the cornea alligned?

A

Parallel to be transpartent

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14
Q

What should you do if you see a white mark with level in a red eye?

A

Urgent referral

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15
Q

What is bacterial keratitis usually associated with?

A

Other corneal pathology o contact lens wear

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16
Q

What type of ulcer is herpetic keratitis?

A

Dendritic - looks like it has branches

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17
Q

What condition is very painful, can be recurrent and recurrences eventually result in reduced corneal sensation?

A

Herpetic keratitis

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18
Q

What should NOT be used in herpetic keratitis?

A

Steroids - can cause corneal melt and perforation of the cornea

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19
Q

What eye condition gives subepithelial infiltrates?

A

Adenoviral keratitis

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20
Q

What eye condition is bilateral, usually follows an URTI, is contagious and may affect vision?

A

Adenoviral keratitis

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21
Q

How is adenoviral keratitis treated?

A

Give topical AB to prevent secondary infection and can require steroids if chronic

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22
Q

Give two fungi which can cause keratitis? Especially in contact lens

A

Acanthamoeba

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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23
Q

What is normally in the history with fungal keratits?

A

History of trauma from vegetation - takes a long time to heal

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24
Q

What condition is painful - especially on eye movements, has proptosis, often associated with paranasal sinusitis, pyrexial and is sight threatening?

A

Orbital cellulitis

25
Q

What investigation is done in orbital cellulitis?

A

CT scan

26
Q

How is orbital cellulitis treated?

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics and drainage

27
Q

What condition is devastating infection inside of the eye and occurs post surgically or endogenous?

A

Endophthalmitis

28
Q

What are symptoms of endophthalmitis?

A

Painful with decreasing vision, very red eye and sight threatening

29
Q

What is the most common conjunctival commensal to infect endophthalmitis?

A

Staph epidermidis

30
Q

How is endophthalmitis treated?

A

With intravitreal amikacin and vancomycin and topical antibiotics

31
Q

What disease can cause CMV retinitis?

A

AIDS

32
Q

What infection of the eye comes from tics and presents with ,ild flu liek illness?

A

Toxoplasmosis

33
Q

What parasite affects cats and dogs, unable to replicate in humans, remains an aimmature form of teh worm and is self limiting and can form granulomas which can cause irreversible visual los?

A

Toxocara

34
Q

How is bacterial eye infection diagnosed?

A

Swabs for culture

35
Q

How is bacterial keratitis diagnosed?

A

Corneal scrapes

36
Q

How is endiophthalmitis diagnosed?

A

Aquous/vitreous for culture

37
Q

How is acanthamoeba diagnosed?

A

Microscopy/culture

38
Q

How is toxoplasma and toxocara diagnosed?

A

Serology

39
Q

How does chloramphenicol work?

A

Inhibits peptidyl transferase enzyme - therefore stops bacterial protein being made

40
Q

Name a syndrome chloramphenicol can cause?

A

Greyu baby syndrome

41
Q

Can you use chloramphenicol in children?

A

No

42
Q

What condition is caused by stasis of tears?

A

Dacrocystitis - treat with antibiotics

43
Q

Name a common contaminent of eye drop bottles?

A

Pseudomonas

44
Q

Name an eye condition antivbirals are used for?

A

Dendritic ulcers of cornea

45
Q

In bacterial conjunctivitis - what bacteria does chloramphenicol not treat?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

46
Q

In bacterial conjunctivitis what does fusidic acid treat?

A

Staph aureus

47
Q

What antibioitic is used to treat pseudomonas or gram neg bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Gentamici

48
Q

How is chlamydial conjunctivitis treated?

A

Topical oxytetracycline - but adults may also need oral azithromycin treatment for genital chlamydia infection

49
Q

What condition is rare, bilateral granulomatous uveitis due to trauma or surgery?

A

Sympathetic ophthalmia

50
Q

What hypersensitivity reaction is acute allergic conjunctivitis?

A

Type I

51
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is ocular cicatricial pemphigoid?

A

Direct cell killing - type II

52
Q

What type of hypersesnitivity reaction is autoimmune corneal melting?

A

Immune complex mediated

53
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is corneal graft reject?

A

Delayed type 4

54
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

In the secretory epithelium of the choroid plexus

55
Q

What is formed in the ventricles and then circulates in the subarachnoid space then absorbed into venous circulation?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

56
Q

Where is the choroid plexus in the brain found?

A

In the 3rd, 4th and lateral venticles

57
Q

What connects the ventricles to the fourth ventricle/

A

Aqueduct in midbrain

58
Q

What does the BBB in endothelial cells in brain capillaries consist od?

A
  1. Capillary endothelium
  2. Basal membrane
  3. Perivascular astrocytes
59
Q

What causes headache and visual disturbances due to papilloaedema and is an enigmatic condition?

A

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension/psuedotumour cerebri

JL Opthalmology (6 decks)

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