Week 1 Flashcards
Stimulation of _________ due to _______ burst leads to addiction. (STAR)
Nucelus Accubens via dopamine burst (example of maladaptive to reward system)
Shut down of __________ leads to anxiety or depression
Hippocampus
- hippocampus and surrounding limbic structures are critical for both learning and regulating emotion/mood.
Concept of mental function: Continuum
level of mental function varies in individuals along a continuum, each individual is able to adapt to their mental functional levels in different ways.
3 main aspects when evaluating mental disorders
Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation.
Functional Division of the Cortex: Occipital Lobe
Visual Cortex - exclusively for visual processing.
- Note: From birth, needs visual info/input to help wire the occipital lobe to become visual cortex.
Functional Division of the Cortex: Temporal Lobe
- Integration (“what” pathway): Integrating the auditory, visual and olfactory information
- Critically involved in acquiring and retaining knowledge (learning)
Functional Division of the Cortex: Parietal Lobe
- Spatial Processing (“where” pathway): involving visual, auditory, and somatosensory input.
- Cognitive Function: Math operation, spatial orientation, etc.
Functional Division of the Cortex: Frontal Lobe
- Motor Cortex, involved in planning and executing motor behavior => More in prefrontal cortex
Functional Division of the Cortex: Prefrontal Cortex
- Executive Functions: regulates thoughts, motor behavior and emotional responses
- Social Cognition (medial esp.) = sense of self.
Function of Corpus Striatum + brain components
Initiation and Termination of Motor Movements: Mediated by Dopamine
- Caudate, Putamen, Globus Pallidus
Function of (Neo) Striatum + brain components
- Maintain/Switch Attentional Focus: Associated with PFC as well as Habit Formation
- Caudate and Putamen
Function of Limbic Structures: Amygdala (opposite of hippocampus)
- Detects biological significance of incoming information (Friend or Foe)
- Autonomic nervous system: fast and subconscious reaction.
- Provides the emotional information associated with experiences encoded in memory.
Function of Limbic Structures: Hippocampus (opposite of amygdala)
- “Calculated” responses to environment in contrast to more instinctive response.
- Encodes experiences into long term memory
- Associated with Alzheimer disease or amnesia.
Hebbian Principle:
Coordination of neural networks: Simultaneous activation of neurons creates a connection so it will be activated together again in the future.
What is the main differences between ADHD vs Disruptive Disorder?
- ADHD shows up early in childhood (sounds like
Definition of Autism in terms of terminology
“Focus back to oneself”
- Core failure of recognizing the “alternative” perspective or possibility
Hallmark of ASD
Deficient Social Cognition
- Deficients in the Theory of Mind abilities.
ASD: Theory of Mind abilities are developed through __________
Imitation!
Therefore be worried with 2-3 yo that don’t use imagination or pretend play, look at you and point, or look when you point at something.
ASD: What is the Mirror Neuron System
Foundation of our social cognition and skills (ToM related): Potential neural basis of “imitation,” action observation, and intention understanding.
ASD: Major Components of Mirror Neuron System
Inferior Parietal Lobe = (parietal lobe) Charge of many sensory motor and spatial processing/perception.
Posterior Superior temporal gyrus = (temporal lobe) houses primary auditory cortex
- Inferior Frontal Gyrus + pars opercularis = prepares the motor program to be carried out by the primary motor cortex.
ASD: Mirror Neuron System: Language areas
Wernicke Area = Temporal/Parietal Lobe
Broca’s Area = Frontal lobe
a 10 month old is shown to have increased growth of whole brain volume. What dx are you suspicious of?
Autism Spectrum disorder: First year head circumference is larger.
ASD: Genetics
High Heritability
ASD Common Signs and Symptoms (3)
- Head circumference measurements during 1st year
- Social development delay during 2nd year
- Language development delay in 2nd and 3rd year.
Which of the following symptom(s) are/is associated with Learning Disabilities? Memory problems, attention problems, overt physical impairment, average/above average intellectual ability.
Average/above average intellectual ability. The problem is unexpected failure of an individual to acquire, retrieve, or use information adequately. Matter of processing, not their intelligence.
Common manifestations include failure to acquire reading, writing or math skills at age/grade expected level. (esp. Reading)
Major types of individual Learning Disorder (3)
- Dyslexia (reading), Dysgraphia(writing), and dyscalculia (math).
- Note that anatomic issues are not causes (bad eyes, ears, etc.), this is a brain issue in processing and interpreting the outside stimuli.
Right hemispheric Developmental LD is a _______ based LD
Non language base. Right hemisphere is known for visual/spatial organization. May have problem comprehending reading and solving math problems but not memorizing math facts.
LD: Dysphasia/Aphasia =
Difficulty with language, therefore can have problem with mathematical WORD problems.
LD is multifactorial, highly affected by personal and environmental factors as well as genetics.
Answer on the front.
ADHD: Manifests in childhood and symptoms include ________, ________, and _________
- Hyperactivity, Inattention, and Impulsivity
Criteria for ADHD Dx: Requirement
- Requires impairment of function in academic, social, or occupational activities.
- be present before the age of 12
- be present in more than one setting.
Pharmacology for treatment of ADHD can be _________ therefore also need ______ history.
Cardiotoxic, cardiac history
DSM-5 Diagnosis of ADHD
- Divided according to ________ + Number of Sx.
Age
if 5 symptoms of inattention.
if > 17 yo = requires > 4 symptoms of … … …
ADHD Subtypes: Combined
- Note: Also predominately inattentive and predominately hyperactive/impulsive
if 5 symptoms in BOTH lists
if > 17 yo = requires 4 symptoms in BOTH lists