Week 1 & 2: Physical Activity + Chronic Diseases and Models of Health

Question 1

Define Physical Activity

Answer 1

Is any bodily movement produce by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure

Can include leisure time or recreational PA, transport or occupational PA

Question 2

Define Exercise

Answer 2

Is planned, structure or a repetitive movement with the intention of promoting or maintaining one or more components of physical fitness

Question 3

What is relative Risk?

Answer 3

The relationship between a particular exposure/risk factor and the occurence of a disease/health outcome in two groups

RR = Risk in exposed group / Risk in unexposed

Indicates how much more OR less likely the exposed group is to develop the disease compared to the unexposed group

Question 4

5 ways to measure intensity of PA

Answer 4

• Talk test
• RPE / Borg Scale
• Qualitative scales
• Heart Rate Response
• MET Values

Question 5

Define Cumulative Risk

Answer 5

The probability of an individual/population developing a disease/experiencing a health outcome over a specified period of time

Expressed as a proportion or percentage

Question 6

What are the domains of PA?

Answer 6

• Occupational PA
• Domestic PA
• Transportation PA
• Leisure time PA

Question 7

What is Hazard Ratio?

Answer 7

The probability of an event in a treatment group relative to the control group probabilty over a unit of time

HR =

Hazard of treatment arm
_______________________________
Hazard in control arm

Simple terms: Comparing the hazard in one group to the Hazard in the other group –> HR = 1 indicates the hazards are occuring at the same rate in both groups.

Question 8

Is high Occupation PA beneficial or detrimental? Explain

Answer 8

High OPA can potentially incur risks for adverse health outcomes

WHY?
- Overuse injuries
- Heavy lifting over prolonged periods may increase BP
- Awkward postures
- Limited time for effective recovery between PA bouts
- Can potentially result in prolonged periods of elevated HR

These can potentially be mitigated by LTPA

Question 9

What is active transport?

Answer 9

Any form of transportation that involves physical movement such as walking, cycling, scootering or running

Helps contribute to the weekly recommendation of PA

Question 10

What is the trend of regular commuters on mortality/CVD?

Answer 10

Active patterns of travel on the commute resulted in:
lower risk of incident CVD risk
Lower risk of fatal CVD
Active commute + Active non commute resulted in further reduction in risk of fatal CVD

Question 11

What is the general trend of increased Leisure time PA?

Answer 11

• Generally results in lower risk of all cause mortality
• High LTPA had low all cause mortality
• Benefits tend to max out at 3-5 times the recommended min PA level

Question 12

Outline some benefits of PA

Answer 12

-Improved Cardiovascular & Respiratory Function
- Reduction in CVD risk factors (body fat etc)
- Decreased morbidity and mortality
- Improved mental well being
- Reduce falls risk (in elderly)

Question 13

Outline some risks of PA

Answer 13

• Musculoskeletal injuries (acute and overuse)
• Brain injuries (sport related concussions)
• Myocardial infarction OR Sudden cardiac death
• Upper respiratory tract infection
• Immune function