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Chem & Physics > Week 1 & 2 Basics of Physics > Flashcards

Week 1 & 2 Basics of Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Newton’s first law of motion?

A

An object at rest remains at rest until a force acts upon it.

Aka: law of inertia

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2
Q

What is Velocity?

Is it a vector?

A
  • describes how the position of an object changes with time
  • its a vector (because it has a direction)
  • also has to do with position of origin. If end point same as starting point, velocity is zero

-generally m/s

velocity= displacement/time

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3
Q

What are Vectors?

A
  • have both magnitude and direction
  • vectors can be added to give the resultant vector.
  • mass is not a vector
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4
Q

What is Acceleration?
Is it a vector?

What happens with Gravity?

A

-describes how velocity changes with time

acceleration= velocity/time

  • a vector quantity
  • generally m/s2
  • gravity eventually causes object to slow down
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5
Q

What is force?

A
  • a push or pull
  • related to Newton’s second law: F=ma

2nd Law= Force and acceleration of an object will be in the same direction

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6
Q

What is gravity?
Law?
What is the measurement of gravity on earth?**

A
  • it is the universal attraction between all objects.
  • Newton’s third law: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
  • gEarth= 9.8m/s2***
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7
Q

What is weight?

A

-Weight is the gravitational force exerted on an object by another larger object such as the earth
- W=mg (equivalent to F=ma)
(g= acceleration d/t gravity- 9.8m/s2(squared))

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8
Q

What is pressure?
Unit?
How is it increased/decreased?

A

-pressure is force per unit area.

Pressure = force/area

  • unit is pounds per square inch (psi)
  • pressure increases by either increasing the applied force, or decreasing the area the force is applied
  • pressure decreases by either decreasing the applied force, or increasing the area the force is applied
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9
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?**
1 atm= ___mmHg*
1 atm= ___Torr*
1 atm= ___ PSI

A

Air pressure results from gravity pulling on the atmospheric, and the resulting force is spread over the earth’s surface

  • the weight of the air above us
  • 1 atmosphere = 760mmHg= 760 Torr= roughly 14 PSI
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10
Q

What is a barometer?

A

Measures absolute pressure or atmospheric pressure.

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11
Q

What is a Bourdon gauge?

If the tank reads 0, is the tank empty?*

A
  • measure gauge pressure, but is affected by changes in atmospheric pressure.
  • use on gas cylinders
  • measures the differences between the pressure in the tank an atmospheric pressure.
  • Ptotal = Pgauge + Patmosphere

-NO! Even if gauge reads zero, still 14 PSI (1 atmospheric pressure) in the tank

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12
Q

What are scalar quantities?*

How is it different from a vector quantity?

A
  • they have magnitude only, NO direction (unlike vector).
  • They can be additive

Distance, height, weight, speed, mass

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13
Q

What is an aneroid bellow?

A
  • doesn’t need liquid.

- relies on expansion and contraction of a bellow as pressure changes

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14
Q

What is work?*
Unit of measurement?
Formula?

A

The expenditure of energy

Measured in joules

W = F x d*

F: magnitude of force
d: magnitude of displacement (distance)

Can also be W = P x change of volume
P: pressure

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15
Q

What is power?*

Measured in?

A
  • the rate of doing work, or the rate of expending energy
  • measured in Watts (=joules/second)

O2 cylinder rupture example

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16
Q

?What is a machine?

A
  • device for multiplying force
  • does not supply energy, but provides an advantage
    • mechanical advantage = force output/force input
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17
Q

What is energy?

Can it be lost?

A

Capacity for doing work

Cannot be lost, but converted

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18
Q

What are 2 types of engery?

A

Kinetic energy

Potential energy

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19
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy of Motion
Energy that a mass has by virtue of being in motion

(joules)

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20
Q

What is potential energy?*

A

Stored Energy
Energy that is stored by an object by virtue of its position

(joules)

21
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy?*

A

Energy can not be created or destroyed*

-it can be changed from one form to another

22
Q

What is the SI standard unit of energy?

A

Joules (same as work)

(also= calories)*

23
Q

What is internal energy?

A

The sum of kinetic and potential energies of a system

24
Q

What is thermodynamics?

A

Branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their reaction to energy

25
Q

What is the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics?**

A
  • 2 objects A/B are same temperature. B/C are same temperature. Therefore A/C are equal temperature (thermal equilibrium) and no heat will flow between A/C
  • keeping patients war
26
Q

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

A
  • heat is a form of energy, and thermodynamics states that heat is a form of energy. Therefore, thermodynamic processes are subject to the principle of conservation of energy.
  • Heat can not be created or destroyed
  • from slide: a change in the internal energy of a system is equal to the sum of the heat flow of a system and the work done by/on the system
27
Q

What does exothermic mean?

A

Gives off heat/

Energy flows out of the system

28
Q

What does endothermic mean?

A

Absorption of heat/

Energy flows into the system

29
Q

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Heat spontaneously flows from a hot* body to a cold body when 2 bodies are brought into thermal contact
-AKA: entropy law

important for keeping pt warm in OR

30
Q

What does entropy mean?

A

A measure of randomness or disorder in a system.

Systems can be randomized, chaotic, or evenly mixed. A system will never become more organized spontaneously

31
Q

What is Third Law of Thermodynamics?

A

It is not possible to lower the temperature of an object to absolute zero*

32
Q

What is the difference between heat vs. temperature?

A
  • Heat is a process, not a product
    - heat is energy which can be transferred
  • temperature is a numerical ranking of “hot” or “cold”
    • temperature is an arbitrary number
    • temperature is a measurement of the tendency to gain or loose heat
33
Q

What is thermal expansion?

What does adding heat to cylinders do?

A

-the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature.

  • an increase in heat will cause an object to expand
  • expansion is constant for a given material
  • expansion is constant in all directions

Q2: Increases the Potential Energy

34
Q

What is the unit of measurement for heat?

And what is it?

A

Calorie

Calorie is the heat required to raise 1g of water 1 degree C

35
Q

What is specific heat?

Low vs high specific heat as thermoconductors?

A

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of material by 1 degree C

  • materials with a high specific heat make good insulators (water)
  • materials with a low specific heat make good thermoconductors (pots)
36
Q

What is heat capacity?

A

Heat required to raise the temperature of a given material

Heat capacity = mass x specific heat

37
Q

What factors affect the rate of change of heat of an object?

A
  • heat capacity (inv proportional)
  • temperature gradient (dir proportional)
  • surface area (dir proportional)
  • forced convection (dir proportional)
38
Q

What are the different types of heat transfer?***

Percentages:

A

how heat is lost

  • radiation: 40%
  • convection: 30%
  • conduction: 20%
  • evaporation: 10%
39
Q

What is convection?

OR Example?

A

Heat transfer caused by a liquid or gas

Example: Cold air blowing over a pt in the OR

40
Q

What is conduction?

OR Example?

A

Transfer of heat by the direct interaction of molecules in a hot area with molecules in a cooler area

Example: Moving a patient onto a cold table= Cools patient
Covering pt with warm blankets= Warms patient

41
Q

What is radiation?

A

Energy emitted from an object

Requires no physical medium or physical contact between the objects

42
Q

What is evaporation?

OR examples?

A

Heat loss primarily through respiration

also surgical prep left on skin to dry- vaporizes

43
Q

What are the 4 fundamental forces?

A
  • Strong nuclear force
  • Electromagnetic force
  • Weak nuclear force
  • Gravitational force
44
Q

What are the differences between mass and weight?

A

2 separate concepts:
Mass= amount of matter in an object
Weight= gravitational force* exerted on an object by a larger object (W=mg)

SI unit of mass= kg
SI unit of force= newton (N)

45
Q

Doubling the diameter of a syringe will ______ the pressure by a factor of __

A

decrease/ 4

46
Q

If there is no _____, no work is done. Likewise, if the ___________ is zero, no work is done.

Stretcher example?

A

force/ magnitude of displacement

You can push will all your effort, but if the stretcher doesn’t move, you haven’t done any work.

47
Q

Can gasses do work?

A

Yes!
Gasses that move also do work and breathing is moving gasses.
Therefore breathing accomplishes work!

48
Q

What are state functions?

A
  • mathematical functions that describe the “state of a system”
  • measurement of matter while it ‘just sits there’
  • mass, volume, pressure, temperature, weight, length

Chem & Physics (9 decks)

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