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Chem & Physics > Chem Review- Emily > Flashcards

Chem Review- Emily Flashcards

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1
Q

Chemistry

A

the study of matter and it’s changes

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2
Q

Matter

A

anything that has mass and occupies space

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3
Q

Atoms

A

building blocks of matter= protons, neutrons, electrons

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4
Q

Protons: charge, mass?

A 
Positive + charge
Mass= 1 atomic mass unit (amu)
# protons= Atomic # (Z)
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5
Q

Neutrons: charge, mass?

A

Neutral charge

Mass= 1 atomic mass unit (amu)

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6
Q

Electrons: charge, mass?

A

Negative - charge

Mass irrelevant

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7
Q

An element always has an ____ number of ____ and ____ to maintain stability

A

neutrons can differ

equal # protons+ and electrons -

( + = - )

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8
Q

Ions

A

atoms/groups of atoms bonded together with a net charge

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9
Q

Cations

A

positive + charge

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10
Q

Anions

A

negative - charge

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11
Q

Elements

A

only 1 type of atom

example: just Na, K, oxygen

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12
Q

Compounds

A

bonding more than 1 kind of atom in a fixed ratio by mass

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13
Q

Molecules: definition, charge?

A

grouping of atoms bonded together with a neutral charge

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14
Q

Ionic compounds

A

grouping of different elements that has a net charge at the end of the grouping

are not molecules

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15
Q

How do you tell the weight of an atom?

A

Add protons and neutrons together

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16
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Element with different # neutrons

example: carbon 13- has a different weight because has 1 more neutron

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17
Q

Can a substance be both an element and a molecule?

A

Yes

example: O2 molecule has a neutral charge, but is just oxygen

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18
Q

Physical change

A

no change in chemical makeup, just changes it’s physical state (solid, liquid, gas)

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19
Q

Chemical change?

change in weight?

A

changes chemically into different substance (same parts rearranged, no change in weight)

example: breaking H20 into 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen

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20
Q

Physical property

A

describes the substance seen (without changing chemical makeup)

can be intensive or extensive

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21
Q

Intensive physical property

A

something integral to the material, regardless of amount

example: color

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22
Q

Extensive physical property

A

depends on size

example: volume

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23
Q

Chemical property

A

describes type of chemical changes the material can undergo

example: flammable

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24
Q

Example of property/change:

boiling water to steam?

A

physical change

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25
Q

Example of property/change:

liquid?

A

intensive physical property

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26
Q

Example of property/change:

mass?

A

extensive physical property

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27
Q

Substances?

chemical and physical properties?

What are they?

A
  • pure materials that can’t be physically separated into smaller simpler components
  • chemical and physical properties are uniform
  • compounds or elements
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28
Q

Mixture?

2 types?

A

2+ pure substances

Homogenous- uniform physical and chemical properties throughout
(ex: normal saline)

Heterogeneous- distinct phase boundaries and/or physical properties change
(ex: emesis)

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29
Q

Atomic structure:
what is in the nucleus?
what surrounds the nucleus in orbitals?

A

Nucleus= protons+ and neutrons

Orbit= electrons -

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30
Q

Atomic number =?

A

(Z)= # protons

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31
Q

Neutron Number?

A

N= number of neutrons

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32
Q

Atomic Mass Number?

A

(A)=Z+N

or

N= A-Z

33
Q

Daltons Atomic Theory (3)

A

1) Elements= atoms that are identical
2) Compounds= atoms bonded together in a fixed ratio
3) Chemical reactions do not create, destroy, or change atoms into atoms of other elements. They cause atoms to recombine into new substances

34
Q

Law of Conservation of Mass

A

No change in total mass during a chemical reaction

the components are recombined= not created, nor destroyed

35
Q

Law of Definite Proportions

A

Different samples of a pure compound always contain the same elements and % of weight by mass

Ex: Water= 11.2% Hydrogen and 88.8% Oxygen by mass

36
Q

Law of Multiple Proportions

A

Some elements can combine to give more than one compound

Ex: carbon burned in oxygen= carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide

37
Q

Periodic table -vertical columns

A

families of elements that have similar chemical and physical properties

38
Q

Periodic table- across row

A

adding electrons to energy levels (electron shells).

elements at the end of the row have outer shell full of electrons

39
Q

atomic weight on periodic table

A

average of all the isotopes

40
Q

Representative elements

A

high rises on left and right

41
Q

Transition elements

A

connector between representative elements

42
Q

Inner transition elements

A

bottom of the table

43
Q

Left side of the table

A

Metals (most elements)

  • shiny, ductile, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity
  • tend to be cations (give away)
44
Q

Right side of the table

A

Non-metals

  • liquids, solids, gasses
  • not good conductors (insulators)
  • tend to be anions (accept)
45
Q

Ductile

A

can be drawn out into a thin wire

46
Q

Malleable

A

can change shape

47
Q

Ladder elements

A

Metalloids

  • intermediates
  • shiny luster
  • less malleable and ductile than metals
  • semiconductors
48
Q

Which elements exist as gasses in normal state?

A 
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Chlorine
Noble gasses (right column)
49
Q

What is the state of most elements?

Which are liquids?

A

Solid

Liquids- mercury and bromine, gallium in hand

50
Q

Electrolyte

A
  • substance that dissolves IN water to give a solution conductivity
  • charged particles that send signals via electricity (Emily)
51
Q

Is water an electrolyte?

A

No, its a non-electrolyte

52
Q

Aluminum

A
  • Does not occur naturally, always bound to something else
  • Found in antiperspirants and antacids
  • Avoid in dialysis patients !!! Toxicity because our bodies can’t eliminate it
53
Q

Barium

A
  • barium swallow radiographic study because it’s heavy and will not absorb in GI tract
  • Toxic? will excrete fairly easily, but can build up in a person and cause problems (Elvis story)
54
Q

Calcium*

A
  • Important part of Neurotransmitter release
  • Bones
  • Muscle contraction, cardiac
  • antacids, but constipating
  • LOVES phosphorous and binds with it (phoslo to eliminate calcium-phosphate compounds)
55
Q

Carbon

A
  • most highly versatile, in most compounds
  • main component in activated charcoal for OD because it has 4 spots for binding compounds in the gut (prior to absorption)
56
Q

Chlorine

A

disinfectant- Clorox (only thing that kills cdiff spores)

57
Q

Fluorine

A
  • fluoride for teeth strengthening

- controversy with causing autism, ADHD

58
Q

Helium

A

MRI coolant

59
Q

Hydrogen

A

Most common atom in universe!!

60
Q

Iodine

A

Found in anti-thyroid meds and topical antiseptics

61
Q

Iron (Fe)

A

-found in hemoglobin to carry oxygen

+2

62
Q

Lithium

A

Mood stabilizer for bipolar meds

+1 with Na +1 tricks CNS AP into believing it’s Na, so it doesn’t over-fire

63
Q

Magnesium**

A
  • Important for cardiac conduction** and potassium levels
  • low Mg causes muscle spasms and cramps
  • Need to correct Mg before can correct K*
  • Tocolytic therapy (labor supressant)
  • Laxative*
64
Q

____levels need to be corrected _____(before/after) potassium levels

A

Mg before K

65
Q

Nitrogen

A
  • in anesthetic gasses

- one of most important organic chemistry elements (molecular structure for many meds)

66
Q

Oxygen

A
  • breathing

- important in ATP synthesis- important for moving electrons around to create ATP

67
Q

Phosphorus***

A
  • Found in RNA and ATP (is the P in ATP)
  • Low levels can cause brittle bones bc bound with Ca in bones
  • Low phos may cause respiratory failure with refeeding syndrome
68
Q

What happens in refeeding syndrome?

A

Body in starvation mode after being NPO for a long time. When given too much food at once, body will over release insulin to store up glucose, but also picks up Mg, K, and Phos out of the blood stream and stores in cells. So, see drops in

  • K- arrhythmias
  • Mg- arrhythmias and neurologic c/o
  • Phos- respiratory depression d/t lack of energy to breathe
69
Q

What elements are not measured enough?

A

Mg and Phos are not on BMP

70
Q

Potassium

A

-CV muscle contraction in APs
- Insulin pushes K into cells (inverse relationship)
-Meds favorite lyte
(ACE inhibitors causes hyperkalemia, loop diuretics cause hypokelamia- peeing it out)

71
Q

Sodium

A
  • APs for muscle contraction
  • CNS stability
  • water balance (Na and H20 follow each other)
72
Q

Titanium

A

prosthetic implants, strong, lightweight, low toxicity

73
Q

Zinc

A
  • helps wound healing
  • sunblock physical barrier
  • cold sx relief: Zicam
74
Q

Molecular compounds are comprised only of _____

A

non-metals
(right side of periodic table)

no charge

75
Q

Ionic compounds are almost always comprised of a _____ and _____

A

metal and non-metal
(Left and right)

has a charge

76
Q

Ionic compounds are sometimes referred to as ____ because of an ____/____ reaction

A

salts

acid/base reaction

77
Q

In cation ionic compounds, the ______ _____ will give you the charge

A

group number

78
Q

Impossible to form an anion with a charge greater than ____.

A

-3

79
Q

Polyatomic Ions

how are they named?

A
  • formed when 2 or more non-metal atoms that are bonded together and have a net charge
  • smaller charge -ite because the big one -ate it*

Chem & Physics (9 decks)

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