Chem Review- Emily Flashcards
Chemistry
the study of matter and it’s changes
Matter
anything that has mass and occupies space
Atoms
building blocks of matter= protons, neutrons, electrons
Protons: charge, mass?
Positive + charge Mass= 1 atomic mass unit (amu) # protons= Atomic # (Z)
Neutrons: charge, mass?
Neutral charge
Mass= 1 atomic mass unit (amu)
Electrons: charge, mass?
Negative - charge
Mass irrelevant
An element always has an ____ number of ____ and ____ to maintain stability
neutrons can differ
equal # protons+ and electrons -
( + = - )
Ions
atoms/groups of atoms bonded together with a net charge
Cations
positive + charge
Anions
negative - charge
Elements
only 1 type of atom
example: just Na, K, oxygen
Compounds
bonding more than 1 kind of atom in a fixed ratio by mass
Molecules: definition, charge?
grouping of atoms bonded together with a neutral charge
Ionic compounds
grouping of different elements that has a net charge at the end of the grouping
are not molecules
How do you tell the weight of an atom?
Add protons and neutrons together
What is an isotope?
Element with different # neutrons
example: carbon 13- has a different weight because has 1 more neutron
Can a substance be both an element and a molecule?
Yes
example: O2 molecule has a neutral charge, but is just oxygen
Physical change
no change in chemical makeup, just changes it’s physical state (solid, liquid, gas)
Chemical change?
change in weight?
changes chemically into different substance (same parts rearranged, no change in weight)
example: breaking H20 into 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen
Physical property
describes the substance seen (without changing chemical makeup)
can be intensive or extensive
Intensive physical property
something integral to the material, regardless of amount
example: color
Extensive physical property
depends on size
example: volume
Chemical property
describes type of chemical changes the material can undergo
example: flammable
Example of property/change:
boiling water to steam?
physical change
Example of property/change:
liquid?
intensive physical property
Example of property/change:
mass?
extensive physical property
Substances?
chemical and physical properties?
What are they?
- pure materials that can’t be physically separated into smaller simpler components
- chemical and physical properties are uniform
- compounds or elements
Mixture?
2 types?
2+ pure substances
Homogenous- uniform physical and chemical properties throughout
(ex: normal saline)
Heterogeneous- distinct phase boundaries and/or physical properties change
(ex: emesis)
Atomic structure:
what is in the nucleus?
what surrounds the nucleus in orbitals?
Nucleus= protons+ and neutrons
Orbit= electrons -
Atomic number =?
(Z)= # protons
Neutron Number?
N= number of neutrons
Atomic Mass Number?
(A)=Z+N
or
N= A-Z
Daltons Atomic Theory (3)
1) Elements= atoms that are identical
2) Compounds= atoms bonded together in a fixed ratio
3) Chemical reactions do not create, destroy, or change atoms into atoms of other elements. They cause atoms to recombine into new substances
Law of Conservation of Mass
No change in total mass during a chemical reaction
the components are recombined= not created, nor destroyed
Law of Definite Proportions
Different samples of a pure compound always contain the same elements and % of weight by mass
Ex: Water= 11.2% Hydrogen and 88.8% Oxygen by mass
Law of Multiple Proportions
Some elements can combine to give more than one compound
Ex: carbon burned in oxygen= carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
Periodic table -vertical columns
families of elements that have similar chemical and physical properties
Periodic table- across row
adding electrons to energy levels (electron shells).
elements at the end of the row have outer shell full of electrons
atomic weight on periodic table
average of all the isotopes
Representative elements
high rises on left and right
Transition elements
connector between representative elements
Inner transition elements
bottom of the table
Left side of the table
Metals (most elements)
- shiny, ductile, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity
- tend to be cations (give away)
Right side of the table
Non-metals
- liquids, solids, gasses
- not good conductors (insulators)
- tend to be anions (accept)
Ductile
can be drawn out into a thin wire
Malleable
can change shape
Ladder elements
Metalloids
- intermediates
- shiny luster
- less malleable and ductile than metals
- semiconductors
Which elements exist as gasses in normal state?
Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Chlorine Noble gasses (right column)
What is the state of most elements?
Which are liquids?
Solid
Liquids- mercury and bromine, gallium in hand
Electrolyte
- substance that dissolves IN water to give a solution conductivity
- charged particles that send signals via electricity (Emily)
Is water an electrolyte?
No, its a non-electrolyte
Aluminum
- Does not occur naturally, always bound to something else
- Found in antiperspirants and antacids
- Avoid in dialysis patients !!! Toxicity because our bodies can’t eliminate it
Barium
- barium swallow radiographic study because it’s heavy and will not absorb in GI tract
- Toxic? will excrete fairly easily, but can build up in a person and cause problems (Elvis story)
Calcium*
- Important part of Neurotransmitter release
- Bones
- Muscle contraction, cardiac
- antacids, but constipating
- LOVES phosphorous and binds with it (phoslo to eliminate calcium-phosphate compounds)
Carbon
- most highly versatile, in most compounds
- main component in activated charcoal for OD because it has 4 spots for binding compounds in the gut (prior to absorption)
Chlorine
disinfectant- Clorox (only thing that kills cdiff spores)
Fluorine
- fluoride for teeth strengthening
- controversy with causing autism, ADHD
Helium
MRI coolant
Hydrogen
Most common atom in universe!!
Iodine
Found in anti-thyroid meds and topical antiseptics
Iron (Fe)
-found in hemoglobin to carry oxygen
+2
Lithium
Mood stabilizer for bipolar meds
+1 with Na +1 tricks CNS AP into believing it’s Na, so it doesn’t over-fire
Magnesium**
- Important for cardiac conduction** and potassium levels
- low Mg causes muscle spasms and cramps
- Need to correct Mg before can correct K*
- Tocolytic therapy (labor supressant)
- Laxative*
____levels need to be corrected _____(before/after) potassium levels
Mg before K
Nitrogen
- in anesthetic gasses
- one of most important organic chemistry elements (molecular structure for many meds)
Oxygen
- breathing
- important in ATP synthesis- important for moving electrons around to create ATP
Phosphorus***
- Found in RNA and ATP (is the P in ATP)
- Low levels can cause brittle bones bc bound with Ca in bones
- Low phos may cause respiratory failure with refeeding syndrome
What happens in refeeding syndrome?
Body in starvation mode after being NPO for a long time. When given too much food at once, body will over release insulin to store up glucose, but also picks up Mg, K, and Phos out of the blood stream and stores in cells. So, see drops in
- K- arrhythmias
- Mg- arrhythmias and neurologic c/o
- Phos- respiratory depression d/t lack of energy to breathe
What elements are not measured enough?
Mg and Phos are not on BMP
Potassium
-CV muscle contraction in APs
- Insulin pushes K into cells (inverse relationship)
-Meds favorite lyte
(ACE inhibitors causes hyperkalemia, loop diuretics cause hypokelamia- peeing it out)
Sodium
- APs for muscle contraction
- CNS stability
- water balance (Na and H20 follow each other)
Titanium
prosthetic implants, strong, lightweight, low toxicity
Zinc
- helps wound healing
- sunblock physical barrier
- cold sx relief: Zicam
Molecular compounds are comprised only of _____
non-metals
(right side of periodic table)
no charge
Ionic compounds are almost always comprised of a _____ and _____
metal and non-metal
(Left and right)
has a charge
Ionic compounds are sometimes referred to as ____ because of an ____/____ reaction
salts
acid/base reaction
In cation ionic compounds, the ______ _____ will give you the charge
group number
Impossible to form an anion with a charge greater than ____.
-3
Polyatomic Ions
how are they named?
- formed when 2 or more non-metal atoms that are bonded together and have a net charge
- smaller charge -ite because the big one -ate it*
