WEEK 1 +2 Flashcards
what happens with depression
Results from decreased activity by excitatory neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine and serotonin
mood disorders
manic (bipolar), depression, dysthymic (for more than 2 yrs)
major depression
2 weeks or more
schiz Grouped symptoms
Positive
Delusions, bizarre behavior
Negative
Flat emotions, decreased speech
Antipsychotic drugs
Frequently cause side effects related to excessive extrapyramidal activity
Involuntary muscle spasms in face, neck, arms, or legs
Chewing or grimacing
Repetitive jerky or writhing movements
Some side effects may be reduced by antiparkinson agents.
depression Classified as mood disorder with several subgroups
Unipolar
• Endogenous, diagnosis based on biological factors or personal characteristics
Bipolar
• Alternating periods of depression and mania
• Response to life event or secondary to a systemic disorder
depression is Indicated by prolonged period of unfounded sadness and by:
Lack of energy Loss of self-esteem and motivation Irritability and agitation Insomnia or excessive sleep Loss of appetite and libido
depression treatment
Recommended that counseling be combined with:
• Antidepressant drugs that increase norepinephrine activity
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
• Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
• Tricyclic antidepressants
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Electroconvulsive therapy may be used for severe depression.
Panic attack
Sudden brief episode of discomfort and anxiety
Panic disorder
Develops when panic attacks are frequent and prolonged
PD: Genetic factor implicated
Increased discharge of neurons in temporal lobes
Neurotransmitter abnormalities include norepinephrine, serotonin, and GABA.
PD: Signs and symptoms
Episodes of intense fear without provocation
May last minutes or hours
Palpitations or tachycardia, hyperventilation, sweating, sensations of choking or smothering, nausea
PD: Treatment
Psychotherapy
AND
Drug therapy: Antianxiety agents, Antidepressants may be prescribed for some.
Schizophrenia
- FLAT FACIAL EXPRESSION Reduced gray matter in temporal lobes Enlarged third and lateral ventricles Abnormal cells in the hippocampus Excessive dopamine secretion Decreased blood flow to frontal lobes
REPEATING BACK WORDS
RYHMING SPEECH
NO EYE CONTACT
PACING
Physiological dependence
Discontinuance of substance leads to withdrawal
Psychological dependence
Continuing desire to take substance to function
Tolerance
Body has adapted to substance
More must be taken to achieve same effect
Addiction—older term
Used for the most serious form of substance abuse
Modes of Action
Central nervous system (CNS) depressants
Tranquilizers, alcohol, cannabis
Narcotics (also CNS depressants)
Painkillers
Stimulants
Coffee
Amphetamines
Psychedelics
hallucinogens
Anabolic steroids
Abused by some athletes and body builders
Especially in competitive
Synergism (drug combinations)—
stronger reaction
Potential Complication: Cardiovascular Problems
Cocaine, amphetamines, and other stimulants Irregular heartbeat Increased blood pressure May lead to heart attacks Strokes Heart failure at a young age
Potential Complications: Alcohol
CIRRHOSIS Occurs in chronic alcoholics Long-term or acute excessive alcohol intake • Lipid accumulation • Alcoholic hepatitis and fibrosis
NEVER DAMAGE Wernicke’s syndrome • Confusion, disorientation, loss of motor coordination Korsakoff psychosis • Altered personality and amnesia
Readings of greater than 1.025 indicate concentrated urine, whereas those of less than
1.010 indicate dilute urine.
turgor.
Skin areas over the sternum, abdomen, and anterior forearm are the usual sites for evaluation of tissue turgor.
