Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

Arms near sides, palms facing forward

The anatomical position is a standard reference point for anatomical terminology.

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2
Q

What are the terms used to describe locations relative to the midline?

A

Lateral & medial

Lateral means away from the midline, while medial means closer to the midline.

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3
Q

What do the terms proximal and distal refer to?

A

Proximal means closer to the point of attachment, distal means farther away

These terms are often used in relation to limbs.

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4
Q

What do the terms superior and inferior refer to?

A

Superior means above, inferior means below

These terms apply to the head, neck, and trunk.

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5
Q

What do deep and superficial mean in anatomical terms?

A

Deep = structures closer to the interior of the body, superficial = structures closer to the exterior surface

These terms help describe the relative depth of structures.

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6
Q

What is the definition of anterior and posterior?

A

Anterior refers to the front, posterior refers to the back

These terms help locate structures in relation to the body’s front and back.

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7
Q

What does the transverse/horizontal plane divide?

A

Divides the body into superior and inferior parts

This plane is also known as the cross-sectional plane.

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8
Q

What does the frontal/coronal plane divide?

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

This plane is used to describe the front and back sections of the body.

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9
Q

What does the sagittal plane divide?

A

Divides the body into left and right parts

The midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.

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10
Q

The knee is ______ to the hip.

A

distal

This indicates that the knee is farther from the point of attachment than the hip.

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11
Q

The sternum is _____ to the ribs.

A

medial

This indicates that the sternum is closer to the midline of the body than the ribs.

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12
Q

The ______ plane divides you into right and left parts.

A

sagittal

The sagittal plane is essential for anatomical orientation.

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13
Q

The elbow is ______ to the wrist.

A

proximal

This indicates that the elbow is closer to the torso than the wrist.

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14
Q

What are the main functions of bones?

A

Support, storage of minerals and lipids, protection, blood cell production, leverage

These functions highlight the critical roles bones play in the body.

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15
Q

What is the outer membrane of a bone called?

A

Periosteum

The periosteum is a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones.

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16
Q

What are the classifications of joints based on motion?

A

Synarthrosis (no motion), amphiarthrosis (a little motion), diarthrosis (most motion)

These classifications help in understanding joint mobility.

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17
Q

What are the classifications of joints based on structure?

A

No movement: Bony, fibrous, cartilaginous
Movement: Synovial

These structural classifications provide a framework for understanding joint types.

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18
Q

What type of muscle is regulated by the heart’s pacemaker?

A

Cardiac muscle

Cardiac muscle is involuntary and unique to the heart.

19
Q

What type of muscle is found in arteries, digestive, and urinary tracts?

A

Smooth muscle

Smooth muscle is also involuntary and controls various involuntary actions.

20
Q

What type of muscle produces skeletal movement?

A

Skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control and is attached to bones.

21
Q

What is the origin of a muscle?

A

Muscle fibers connecting to a point of stationary bone. It connects a muscle to the most proximal bone.

The origin is the point where a muscle attaches to a stationary bone.

22
Q

What is the insertion of a muscle?

A

The point where the muscle attaches to the bone that moves whilst crossing a joint. It connects a muscle to the most distal bone.

The insertion moves toward the origin during muscle contraction.

23
Q

What are prime movers or agonists?

A

Muscles that perform the intended motions

These muscles contract while antagonists relax.

24
Q

What is the function of antagonists in muscle movement?

A

They perform opposite motions and relax while the prime mover contracts

This coordination allows for smooth movement.

25
What is a concentric contraction?
Muscle gets shorter as it moves the body part ## Footnote Concentric contractions occur during lifting movements.
26
What is an eccentric contraction?
Muscle allows itself to get longer while it controls a motion ## Footnote Eccentric contractions help in decelerating movements.
27
What is an isometric contraction?
Muscle stays the same length during contraction ## Footnote Isometric contractions occur when holding a position.
28
What is the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
The brain and spinal cord ## Footnote The CNS is responsible for processing and transmitting information.
29
What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Nerves outside the CNS ## Footnote The PNS connects the CNS to the limbs and organs.
30
What do afferent and efferent neurons do?
Afferent send impulses to the CNS, efferent send signals from the CNS ## Footnote This distinction is crucial for understanding sensory and motor pathways.
31
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs ## Footnote These nerves are crucial for communication between the spinal cord and the body.
32
What are the regions of the spine named?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral ## Footnote Each region corresponds to a specific area of the body.
33
What is somatic nervous system responsible for?
Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles ## Footnote This system includes all the nerves that control voluntary muscles.
34
What is autonomic nervous system responsible for?
Controls involuntary functions such as heartbeat and digestion ## Footnote The autonomic system regulates internal processes without conscious control.
35
What is the action of a muscle?
Refers to the movement of the muscle during contraction in one of three ways
36
What is muscle innervation?
The process by which peripheral nerves stimulate muscles to contract or relax
37
What are the four features of muscles?
**OIAI** - Origin - Insertion - Action - Innervation
38
What are the four structures in bone?
**PCTM** - Periosetum - Cortical - Trabecular - Medullary cavity
39
Explain the structure and functions of a synovial joint in 4 points.
1. The fiborous joint capsule encapsulates the two bone ends which articulate with one another. It retains the moisture inside the capsule and encloses the synovial fluid within this area. 2. The hyaline cartilage is extremeley smooth and wraps around the bone ends which articulate with each other. The smooth nature of teh cartilage reduces friction during articulation, resulting in a smooth and painless movement when moving the joint. 3. The synovial membrane produces and replenishes synovial fluid 4. Synovial fluid acts as an extremely good lubricant, falling into all the nooks within the joint capsule to ensure smooth movement of joints. Aditionally, it provides nutrients to the hyaline cartilage in order to keep it alive.
40
Identify and name compact, cancellous, and marrow bone, what does it look like and what are teh functions of each?
1. Compact - dense outer layer of bone, providing structure and protection. Parallel plates restrict any motion. 2. Cancellous - contains strats and plates which are able to realign when different pressures are forced onto the bone. 3. Marrow - creates new red blood cells for oxygen transport and new white blood cells for immunity.
41
Describe the difference between a ligament and tendon.
Ligament - Connects two bones through muscle fibres. Tendon - connects a muscle and bone through muscle fibres.
42
Name the features of bones that describe 'bumps'
- Spine - Fossa - Crest - Foramen - Ramus - Line
43
What is so advantages about 'bumps' on bones?
- Increases the surface area - This allows for greater attatchement of muscles as there are more places for the muscle to attatch.