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Upper Extremity Prosthetics > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

0
Q

How many amputees are major UE amputees?

A

41,000

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1
Q

What is the total number of UE amputees excluding fingers?

A

1,400,000

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2
Q

What percent of amputations are upper extremity amputations?

A

2.9%

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3
Q

What percent of UE amputations are hand amputations?

A

15%

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4
Q

What percent of UE amputations are wrist disarticulation amputations?

A

10%

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5
Q

What percent of UE amputations are trans-radial amputations?

A

31%

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6
Q

What percent of UE amputations are elbow disarticulations?

A

7%

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7
Q

What percent of UE amputations are trans-humeral amputations?

A

28%

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8
Q

What percent of UE amputations are shoulder disarticulations?

A

7%

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9
Q

What percent of UE amputations are forequarter amputations?

A

2%

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10
Q

What percent of UE amputations are congenital?

A

60%

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11
Q

What percent of UE amputations are due to cancer?

A

24%

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12
Q

What percent of UE amputations are due to trauma?

A

70%

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13
Q

What percent of UE amputations are dysvascular?

A

2%

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14
Q

What occurred in history to children with congenital abnormalities?

A

Infants were disposed of because they thought it was an act of vengeance by the gods upon the parent.

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15
Q

Till what date did amputations occur only as a last result for gangrene?

A

Till 100 A.D.

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16
Q

Who used the amputation procedure around 100A.D.?

A

Archigenes and Heliodorus used it for ulcers, tumors, injuries, and deformities. They used circumferential compression above the operative site on the healthy tissue.

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17
Q

What occurred in the 14th century to increase the amount of amputations?

A

The development of gunpowder.

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18
Q

When was the first recorded use of a tourniquet for hemorrhage control?

A

1674 by French army surgeon Etienne Morel

19
Q

Who developed a tourniquet device to stop bleeding during amputation?

A

Jean Louis Petit in 1718

20
Q

What made a surgeon good in the 17th century?

A

Speedy amputations for anesthetized patients

21
Q

What are the four types of current amputation closures?

A

Myofascial closure
Myoplasty
Myodesis
Tenodesis

22
Q

What is myofascial closure?

A

Encases the bone and transected muscle by closing the fascial envelope over the top of the muscle. Does not stabilize the muscle due to lack of distal attachment.

23
Q

What is myoplasty?

A

Surgeon positions muscle over the distal end of the bone and attaches to the opposing muscle. Muscle can shift and cause pain on distal end.

24
Q

What is myodesis?

A

Individual muscle groups are directly attached to the periosteum of the bone.

25
Q

What is tenodesis?

A

Firm distal attachment of the severed tendon to the bone. Often not anatomically possible- only possible when the muscle belly is not transected and the tendon is intact.

26
Q

Which is the least stable amputation technique?

A

Myofascial closure

27
Q

Which is the most stable amputation technique?

A

Tenodesis

28
Q

What are the three categories for prehension?

A

Precision
Power
Coal hammer

29
Q

What are the six types of prehension?

A 
Tip
Cylindrical
Lateral
Palmer
Hook
Spherical
30
Q

When is the krukenberg procedure performed?

A

On bilateral amputees
Blind
3rd world countries

31
Q

What are the advantages of a wrist disarticulation?

A

Patient maintains pronation and supination

More pressure can be tolerated on distal aspect of limb

32
Q

What is the disadvantage of a wrist disarticulation?

A

Wrist unit and hand length are more difficult to match contralateral limb.

33
Q

What are the advantages of a longer trans-radial amputation?

A

More control over prosthetic

More area to decrease pressure on the limb

34
Q

What are the advantages of an elbow disarticulation?

A

Trimlines can be shorter on the socket.

Epicondyles can be utilized for suspension.

35
Q

What type of system can be used for a transhumeral amputation?

A

Duel cable system (fair-lead cable system)
Different movements allow for elbow flexion and extension others for opening and closing the terminal device
More maintenance is required

36
Q

What type of device can be used by a bilateral shoulder disarticulation amputee?

A

A nudge control device- patient nudges control with their chin which allows the elbow to lock or unlock.

37
Q

What are the disadvantages of a forequarter amputation?

A

Loss of balance
Prosthetic use is more difficult due to loss of muscle and proximal arm for control
Lower compliance/use rate

38
Q

What distinguishes an acquired amputation compared to a congenital?

A

It’s a result of trauma or cancer

Adjustment process is crucial for family and child

39
Q

What distinguishes a congenital amputee compared to a acquired?

A

Results from ABS or idiopathic in origin
No amputation, so the prosthetic is viewed as an aid
Higher chance of rejection of prosthesis.

40
Q

What are the three etiologies of congenital patients?

A

Amniotic Band Syndrome
Longitudinal Deficiency
Transverse Deficiency

41
Q

What are considered mild complications of amniotic band syndrome?

A

syndactyly

amputations of fingers or toes

42
Q

What are considered severe complications of amniotic band syndrome?

A

clubbed feet

limb amputations

43
Q

What does ISO represent?

A

International organization for standard

44
Q

What is longitudinal deficiency?

A

Absence extending parallel with the long axis of the limb, either pre-axial, postaxial or central in nature.

45
Q

What is Transverse deficiency?

A

The limb has developed normally to a particular level beyond which no skeletal elements exist

46
Q

Who created another method for recording deficiencies?

A

Day created the Day Method when working with ISP.

Upper Extremity Prosthetics (14 decks)

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