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sensation and perception > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

why study perception

A
  • understand how to best move about and interact with our environment
  • evolution, higher chance of survival
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2
Q

analog representation of the world from a digital signal

A
  • assumption from the brain to perceive missing information
  • experience/ expectation instead of perception
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3
Q

importance of knowing how stimuli are encoded and perceived

A
  • help create technology designed to restore those with sensory loss
  • brain computer interfaces, brain signals = stimuli = perception
  • computer vision, self driving vehicles
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4
Q

bottom up information

A
  • shape
  • color
  • motion
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5
Q

top down information

A
  • theory
  • knowledge
  • context
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6
Q

cognitive penetration

A
  • cognitive factors shaping perception ie everything seeming brighter and hard tasks being easier when you are in a good mood, placebo
  • debated whether perception is different or the description is affected
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7
Q

vestibular sense

A
  • where we are orientated in the world
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8
Q

proprioception

A
  • where our limbs are positioned
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9
Q

sensation and perception

A
  • physical stimulus
  • stimuli reach the sensory organ, bind to receptors
  • sensory cells translate stimulus into a code to be interpreted by the brain (transduction, involving action potential)
  • interact with experience, different perceptions from the same stimuli
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10
Q

approaches to studying s&p
Psychophysical

A

physical properties of a stimulus to their perception directly

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11
Q

approaches to studying s&p
physiologically

A
  • how stimulus features are represented in the brain, measures of their encoding
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12
Q

approaches to studying s&p
combination

A
  • how patterns of neural activity result in differences in overt perception
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13
Q

method of limits

A
  • stimuli presented sequentially either increasing or decreasing
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14
Q

method of constant stimuli

A
  • stimuli of varying levels presented randomly, above and below threshold
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15
Q

method of adjustment

A
  • participants adjust stimuli to find their own threshold value
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16
Q

absolute threshold

A
  • how much pressure or how bright or loud a stimulus must be to perceive it
17
Q

difference threshold

A
  • how much a stimuli needs to be changed to notice a difference
18
Q

point of subjective equivilance

A
  • point at which two stimuli are judged to be perceptually identical
19
Q

accounting for self report possible bias

A

signal detection theory
- our ability to be accurate
- greater sensitivity, greater chance of being accurate

hit
correct rejection
false alarm
miss

more correct responses, curved upward to the left

20
Q

electrical stimulation

A
21
Q

neuroimaging EEG
electroencephalogram

A
  • up to 128 electrodes placed on the scalp
  • measuring electrical potential generated by the brain
  • continuous signal
  • hard to tell where in the brain the activity is coming from, can’t move
22
Q

neuroimaging MEG
magnetoencephalogram

A
  • measures magnetic field distortions caused by the electrical activity in the brain
  • less portable and more expensive but better at determining where in the brain
23
Q

neuroimaging MRI/ fMRI
functional magnetic resonance imaging

A
  • very detailed images of brain processes
  • expensive, non portable
  • scary, claustrophobic
  • not suitable for some populations ie pacemakers
24
Q

hubel and wiesel

A
  • using animal models to record electrical outputs of individual neurons
  • lowered an electrode so it was adjacent to neurons in the primary visual cortext in a cat
  • work helped describe orientation columns in the visual cortex
  • neurons are tuned to specific stimulus features
25
Q

neuropsychological studies

A
  • patients with focal damage in a small region of the brain, strange patterns of perceptual behaviour
  • documenting their behaviour and damage site, infer the role of the damaged area in perception
26
Q

lesion studies

A
  • in animals creating specific lesion models and testing for perception
  • permenant damage to neural tissue or reversible approaches such as cortical cooling
    cortical cooling
  • certain brain areas turned off by cooling them off so action potentials can’t be generated, recovered by warming
27
Q

transmagnetic stimulation (TMS)

A
  • group of technologies
  • stimulate the brain via electric current
  • magnetic field generator (coil) on the head of participants
  • coil induces an electrical current in the particular brain region beneath the coil, induces changes in how the region functions which can be perceptual or behavioural
  • temporary experimental analyses
  • on the optical nerve can result in temporary blindness

sensation and perception (4 decks)

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