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sensation and perception > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

senses

A

vision
hearing
smell
taste
touch
pressure
cold/heat
pain
itch
vestibular
proprioception

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2
Q

sensation

A
  • registration of a physical stimulus on our sensory receptors
  • sensation changes physical stimuli into information in our nervous systems
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3
Q

perception

A
  • turning the sensory input into meaningful conscious experience
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4
Q

stimulus

A
  • an element of the world around us that impinges on our sensory systems
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5
Q

attended stimuli

A
  • stimuli that is important/interesting/ relevant and paying attention to that as opposed to other information
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6
Q

transduction

A
  • process of converting a physical stimulus into an electrochemical signal
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7
Q

receptors

A
  • specialised neural cells that transform a physical stimulus into an electrochemical signal/neural response
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8
Q

neural response

A
  • signal produced by the receptor cells, then sent to the brain
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9
Q

transduction
vision

A
  • rods and cones in the eye transduce the physical energy of light into an electrochemical signal
  • transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve
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10
Q

transduction
hearing

A
  • hair cells convert the vibrating of the cochlear membrane, vibrates in response to sound into a neural response
  • transmitted to the brain via the auditory/cochlear nerve
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11
Q

transduction
taste

A
  • taste bud cells convert the presence of a particular chemical (ie sugar) into a neural response
  • transmitted to the brain via gustatory nerves
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12
Q

sensation and perception difference example

A
  • sensation allows us to hear sounds but perception allows us to appreciate music
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13
Q

action

A
  • any motor activity
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14
Q

phenomenology

A
  • our subjective experience of perception
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15
Q

motion aftereffect

A
  • sensory experience that occurs after prolonged experience of a visual motion in one particular direction
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15
Q

doctrine of specific nerve energies

A
  • it is the specific neurons activated that determine the particular type of experience
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16
Q

constructivist approach

A
  • idea that perceptions are constructed using information from our senses and cognitive processes
  • inadequate
17
Q

unconscious inference

A
  • perception is not adequately determined by sensory information, so inference is part of the process, past experiences
  • not active problem solving but nonconscious cognitive process
18
Q

Weber’s law

A
  • a just noticeable difference between two stimuli is related to the magnitude of strength of the stimuli
    2% change is detectable
19
Q

psychophysics

A
  • study of the relation between physical stimuli and perception
20
Q

fechners law

A
  • subjective sensation is proportional to the log of stimulus intensity
  • eg. carrying lot of weight adding a small amount is not noticable to perception but carrying no weight and adding a small amount is noticable
21
Q

gestalt psychology

A
  • we view the world as a whole (general patterns/ structures) instead of individual elements
22
Q

laws of gestalt psychology

A

law of proximity
law of good continuation
law of closure
law of similarity
law of common fate

23
Q

direct perception (gibsonian approach) / ecological view to perception

A
  • information in a sensory world is complex and abundant
  • perceptual systems need only directly perceive such complexity
24
Q

computational approach

A
  • the necessary computations the brain would need to carry out to perceive the world are specified
25
Q

neuroscience

A
  • the study of structures and processes in the nervous system and brain
26
Q

microelectrode

A
  • device so small it can penetrate a single neuron in the mammalian central nervous system without destroying the cell
27
Q

neuropsychology

A
  • study of the relation of brain damage to changes in the brain
28
Q

agnosia

A
  • a deficit in some aspect of perception as a result of brain damage
29
Q

prosopagnosia

A
  • face agnosia, deficit in perceiving faces
30
Q

amusia

A
  • brain damage interferes with the perception of music but not other aspects of auditory processing
31
Q

neuroimaging

A
  • technologies that allow us to map living intact brains as they engage in tasks
32
Q

delk and fillenbaum 1956
cognitive penetration experiment
aim

A
  • investigate whether previous knowledge about objects influences color perception
33
Q

delk and fillenbaum 1956
cognitive penetration experiment
procedure

A
  • involved objects associated the red (apple, lips, symbolic heart)
  • objects not associated with red (mushroom, bell)
  • all figures made out of the same red cardboard
  • asked participants to match the color of figures to the color of their background varying from light to dark red
34
Q

delk and fillenbaum 1956
cognitive penetration experiment
results

A
  • red associated objects required more red in the background to be judged as a match than did the objects not associated with red
35
Q

delk and fillenbaum 1956
cognitive penetration experiment
conclusion

A
  • suggests that the knowledge of the objects influenced participants to perceive them as being more red than other objects
36
Q

delk and fillenbaum 1956
cognitive penetration experiment
evaluation

A
  • findings were replicated
  • artificial task
  • alternative explanations for results
37
Q

cognitive penetration

A
  • cognitive and emotional factors influence the phenomenology of perception
38
Q

cognitive impenetrability

A
  • cetrain cognitive processes are not influenced by higher level cognitive factors such as beliefs, expectations, desires
  • eg understanding a flat image isn’t moving but still seeing it that way (optical illusion)
39
Q

time to time collision

A
  • estimate of the time it will take for an approaching object to contact another
40
Q

size-arrival effect

A
  • bigger approaching objects are seen as being more likely to collide with the viewer than smaller approaching objects

sensation and perception (8 decks)

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