Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mammalian Physiology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

a fundamental physical property of subatomic particles(protons/electrons) defining electrostatic interactions within an atom

A

Charge (Q, measured in coulombs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In solution, salts dissociate to create
positively charged and negatively charged

A

Ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ions form the basis of the electrical
excitability of neurons, as their uneven distribution across the plasma membrane results in a
_________ _______ (_______) and their movement across the membrane creates an electrical
current.

A

potential difference (voltage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Positively charged ions which have an excess of protons are often called

A

Cations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

refers to the net charge for an individual ionic species

A

valence (z)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the potential energy resulting from the uneven distribution of charge (in
this case ions) across a non-permeable barrier (in this case the cell membrane)

A

Voltage (V)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the voltage a neuron returns to when not acted on by outside forces (i.e. synaptic
inputs).

A

resting membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

a device that separates (and stores) charges

A

Capacitance (C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

formed by two conductive ‘plates’ separated by an insulating material.
In cellular neurobiology,

A

capacitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

________ take advantage of this stored electrical potential
energy to rapidly produce and transmit signals

A

Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The ___ consists of the brain and spinal cord
-Sensory integration, motor planning/execution, executive function

The ___ consists of sensory and motor divisions
-Communication to/from periphery

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In the PNS

______ _____: provides input to the central nervous system (i.e.
somatosensation from skin)

_______ _____: provides CNS output to the body (i.e. motor commands to move skeletal muscles)

A

Sensory Division

Efferent Division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

PNS Efferent Division is subdivided into

A

Autonomic and Somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Autonomic system is composed of:

A

Sympathetic (Fight or flight)
Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Parasympathetic and sympathetic components control what in the autonomic nervous system?
(4 total)

A

Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Exocrine glands
Endocrine glands/cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Somatic system controls _____ mm.

A

Skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The ______ _______ ______ includes neurons in the gut/digestive tract – often included in the autonomic nervous system, but can function independently.

A

Enteric Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Autonomic nervous system is concerned with maintaining
__________ in physiological systems

A

homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The _____________ plays a critical role in integrating autonomic/endocrine function with behavioral states:

E
R
B
B
S

A

Hypothalamus

E-Energy Metabolism: regulates feeding, digestion, and overall metabolic rates
R-Reproduction: regulates hormonal control of mating, pregnancy, and lactation
B-Blood Pressure and Electrolyte Balance: maintains blood osmolarity and vasomotor tone by driving thirst and salt appetite
B-Body Temperature: metabolic thermogenesis and driving behaviors to regulate temperature balance
S-Stress Responses: physical and immunological responses to stress; controls adrenal stress hormone release

18
Q

CNS is subdivided into what 5 major divisions

A

-Spinal cord
-Brainstem
-Cerebellum
-Diencephalon
-Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)

18
Q

Brainstem is made up of

A

-Medulla
-Pons
-Midbrain

19
Q

Spinal cord is made up of

A

-Cervical
-Thoracic
-Lumbar
-Sacral

20
Q

Diencephalon is made up of

A

-Thalamus
-Hypothalamus

21
Q

Telecenpahlon is made up of

A

-Frontal lobe
-Parietal lobe
-Temporal lobe
-Occipital lobe

22
Q

______ ____: receives and processes sensory information and controls movement via somatic motor system

A

Spinal cord

23
Q

________: includes several nuclei responsible for vital autonomic function (breathing, heart rate etc)

______: conveys information from cerebrum to cerebellum

______: controls sensory and motor function and coordinates auditory and visual reflexes

A

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain

24
Q

______ : involved in the coordination and execution of fine movement and motor learning.

A

Cerebellum

25
Q

Diencephalon:
______: processes incoming sensory information

_______: regulates autonomic, endocrine and visceral function

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

26
Q

Telencephalon:

_________ _______: Higher order thinking, sensory processing, and motor planning

________: emotional states

________: memory formation and spatial navigation

_____ ______: regulating motor performance

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Basal Ganglia

27
Q

The cerebral cortex can be subdivided into four major lobes:

_________ Lobe: Higher order cognitive function, motor planning, short term memory
________ Lobe: Somatic sensation, association cortices
_________ Lobe: Hearing, speech production, memory and emotional state
______ Lobe: visual processing

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

28
Q

______ area (Brodmann’s area 44/45): is involved in speech
production
__________ area (Brodmann’s area 22): is involved in language
perception/meaning

A

Broca’s
Wernicke’s

29
Q

________ Neurons: are primarily excitatory, and send output to other regions of cortex or subcortical networks
___________ : Generally, are localized within a given region of cortex and can be excitatory or inhibitory
-these are a highly complex and expand information processing power of the cortex

A

Projection
Interneurons

30
Q

Cerebral cortex layer _
-Primarily dendrites and axons of passage

A

I

31
Q

Cerebral cortex layer _

Neurons forming local, intracortical communication

A

II/III

32
Q

Cerebral cortex layer _

Neurons primarily receiving sensory inputs from thalamus
- is highly variable across cortical regions (granular v. agranular)

A

IV

33
Q

Cerebral cortex layer _

Contains large pyramidal neurons that form the major output pathway from cortex

A

V

34
Q

Cerebral cortex layer _

Heterogenous (polymorphic) region; contains both neurons and intra-cortical axonal tracts

A

VI

35
Q

_______ are the fundamental functional unit of the nervous system

A

Neurons

36
Q

____ play a critical role in supporting neuronal cell health and the overall structure of the brain/neurons

  • also play important roles in shaping neuronal activity and enhancing information processing capabilities
  • Subsets also serve as the resident immune cell in the central nervous
    system
A

Glia

37
Q

Synaptic Connections:

S
A
D

A

Synapse
Axon terminal (bouton)
Dendritic spine

38
Q

Cell Anatomy:

S
A
D

A

Soma (cell body)
Dendrites
Axon

39
Q

Cell Networks:

P vs. P
A vs. E

A

Presynaptic vs. Postsynaptic
Afferent vs. Efferent

40
Q
A
41
Q
A
42
Q
A
43
Q
A

Mammalian Physiology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions