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Mammalian Physiology > Pulmonary > Flashcards

Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

Found in bronchioles when goblet and submucosal glands are no longer present; may have secretory and also play a role in epithelial cell regeneration after injury (like type II cells in alveolus).

A

Clara Cells

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2
Q

Epithelial Cells

-Cover ~95% of alveolar surface
Primary sites of gas diffusion

-Secrete surfactant (eases expansion)
Repair/maintain epithelial layer

A

-Type I

-Type II

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3
Q

-Movement of molecules in a manner whereby net transfer of the gas is from high to low concentration is called ___________

-This is Driven primarily by the gas concentration gradients, or difference in gas ________ ________ across a semipermeable membrane

A

-Diffusion

-Partial Pressure

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4
Q

=increased Surface area for gas exchange;
-increased diffusion coefficient (solubility);
-increased ∆P (pressure gradient across membrane)

Will these increase or decrease Gas diffusion rate?

A

Increase

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5
Q

a decreased thickness of membrane between two compartments will increase/decrease gas diffusion rate

A

Decrease

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6
Q

____________ enhances diffusion by increasing gradients across the diffusion barrier

A

Convection

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7
Q

Most O2 exchanged is bound/released by _____________

A

Hemoglobin

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8
Q

Most of the CO2 in blood is in the form of _____

A

HCO3

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9
Q

Movement of air during respiration based on pressure gradients. Expressed as Volume/time

A

Ventilation

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10
Q

Process of blood flow to an organ such as to the lungs. Sometimes used in place of cardiac output, since lungs receive 100% of cardiac output. Units: Volume/time.

A

Perfusion

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11
Q

a decrease in the amount of oxygen in tissues. Important to define/consider the level at which this occurs

A

Hypoxia

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12
Q

a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

A

Hypoxemia

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13
Q

decreased/increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

A

Hypo/Hypercapnia

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14
Q

High / low respiratory rate

A

Tachypnea (high)
Bradypnea (low)

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15
Q

difficult or labored breathing

A

Dyspnea

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16
Q

volume normally inhaled or exhaled with each breath

A

Tidal Volume (TV)

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17
Q

additional volume of air that can be inhaled at the end of normal inspiration

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

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18
Q

additional volume of air that can be exhaled at the end of normal exhalation

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

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19
Q

air remaining (“trapped”) in lungs after max exhalation

A

Residual Volume (RV)

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20
Q

volume of the lungs at end of normal expiration.

A

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

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21
Q

maximal volume of air that can be inhaled and exhaled

A

Vital Capacity (VC)

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22
Q

maximal volume of air that can be inhaled

A

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

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23
Q

total volume of air in lungs after maximal inhalation
Includes anatomical “dead space” that aids in mixing of inspired/expired air

A

Total lung capacity (TLC)

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24
Q

volume of inspired air that does not take part in the gas exchange.

A

Dead Space

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25
Q

–__________ dead space = conducting zone

-_______ dead space = non-perfused or dysfunctional alveoli (e.g., emphysema)

A

-Anatomical

-Alveolar

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26
Q

This gas law states that at a constant temperature the absolute pressure and volume of gas are inversely proportional

A

Boyles Law

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27
Q

Pressure in the intra-pleural space between lungs and chest wall, Essentially the pressure in the chest cavity (intrathoracic pressure)

A

Intra-Pleural Pressure

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28
Q

Pressure inside conducting airways (bronchus, bronchioles)

A

Airway Pressure

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29
Q

Pressure difference across the airway wall

A

Trans-Mural Pressure

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30
Q

Pressure difference across the alveolar wall

A

Trans-Pulmonary Pressure

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31
Q

________ ______ is created by opposing recoils of lungs vs. chest wall creates PIP of ~ -5 cm H2O

A

Relative Vacuum

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32
Q

T/F:(regarding cellular respiration)
organismal O2 consumption rate correlates positively with aerobic ATP production rate in vivo

A

TRUE

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33
Q

T/F:(regarding cellular respiration)
electrons transferred from metabolic substrates to the mitochondrial electron transfer complexes ultimately reduce O2 to form water

A

TRUE

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34
Q

T/F:(regarding cellular respiration)
ATP is generated in mitochondria by the transfer of electrons from NADH to ADP and Pi at complex IV of the electron transport chain (cytochrome oxidase)

A

FALSE

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35
Q

T/F:(regarding oxidative metabolism)
Complete fatty acid oxidation requires less O2 per carbon than glucose oxidation

A

FALSE

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36
Q

T/F:(regarding oxidative metabolism)
1 Mole palmitate (16-carbon fatty acid) provides more acetyl-COA than 1 mole of glucose

A

TRUE (Beta-Oxidation)

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37
Q

T/F:(regarding cellular respiration)
The major “product” of electron transfer through respiratory complexes I, III, and IV is a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

TRUE

38
Q

T/F: (regarding cellular respiration)
administering an uncoupling agent that increases mitochondrial membrane permeability to protons to respiring cells would be expected decrease in ATP production but increase or have no effect on cell oxygen consumption.

A

TRUE

39
Q

T/F: (regarding oxidative metabolism)
NADH is a nucleotide that accepts and donates energy ‘stored’ in its phosphate bonds

A

FALSE

40
Q

T/F: (regarding oxidative metabolism)
at a respiratory exchange ration of .79 CO2 production exceeds O2 consumption, therefore all aerobic ATP is CHO oxidation

A

FALSE

41
Q

Aerobic production (OXPHOS) from fatty acids predominates in cells when _______ availability is high, and the rate io ATP demand is low

A

oxygen

42
Q

Aerobic ATP production in mitochondria can be supplemented with ATP produced anaerobically by substrate-level ADP phosphorylation reactions during the breakdown of glucose in the cytosol of the cell, or via 1:1 phosphate exchanges with Phospho-creatine or (another) ADP by phosphagen kinases ________ _________ or _________ _________

A

Creatine Kinase
Adenylate Kinase

43
Q

The end product of glycolysis is two molecules of __________

A

Pyruvate

44
Q

In order to gain 2-3 ATP from glycolysis, we need ____ to pick up electrons (H-) removed during the GAPDH dehydrogenase reaction forming NADH

A

NAD+

45
Q

If O2 supply is limited to a cell metabolizing glucose for ATP production most of the pyruvate produced will be reduced (H- added) to form _______. The source of electrons for this reaction is ____

A

lactate
NADH

46
Q

During the Complete oxidation of glucose into 6 CO2 & H2O, the carbons in CO2 are derived from 2 __________ inside the mitochondria of the cell, where the electrons (H-) are ultimately accepted by oxygen forming ___

A

pyruvates
H20

47
Q

Fatty acids are also oxidized in mitochondria, but this process consumes more __ per ___ produced compared to oxidation of glucose.

A

O2
CO2

48
Q

-complete degradation of food fuels to CO2 and H2O by reactions/pathways that require oxygen
-Oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

A

Aerobic metabolism

49
Q

-partial degradation of metabolic substrates by reactions that do not utilize oxygen
-“Substrate-level” ADP phosphorylation

A

Anaerobic metabolism

50
Q

-Removes pyruvate to prevent glycolytic pathway inhibition
-Regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue at a high rate when oxygen supply or use is limited

A

Lactate

51
Q

What does a decrease plasma pH (Increase [H+]) signal to the respiratory center in the CNS?

A

Increases rate of breathing

52
Q

Inc/Dec/No change
Shifting from reliance upon fatty acids to glucose oxidation for aerobic ATP production on the “respiratory exchange ratio “

A

INCREASE

53
Q

Inc/Dec/No change
“The partial pressure of O2” as it travels from the pulmonary arterial to pulmonary venous circulation

A

INCREASE

54
Q

Inc/Dec/No change
-Diaphragm contraction on “intrapleural pressure (Pip)”

A

DECREASE

55
Q

Inc/Dec/No change
A decrease in intrapleural pressure (Pip) on Transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) assuming no change in alveolar pressure (Pa)

A

INCREASE

56
Q

INC/DEC/NO CHANGE
Direct effect of an increase in the partial pressure of O2 (PO2) on “alveolar pressure and lung volume”

A

NO CHANGE

57
Q

T/F:
Expiration is largely a passive process involving relaxation of inspiratory muscles.

A

TRUE

58
Q

T/F:
Alveoli will fill with air only if intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.

A

FALSE

59
Q

T/F:
Passive recoil of the lungs and chest cavity oppose each other to generate a positive intrapleural pressure at functional residual capacity

A

FALSE

60
Q

T/F:
Expiration is largely a passive process involving relaxation of inspiratory muscles

A

TRUE

61
Q

In a healthy individual after a normal tidal expiration, an abrupt decrease in intrapleural pressure will result in:

a) Rapid decrease in transpulmonary pressure
b) Increase in alveolar pressure
c) Exhalation of the expiratory reserve volume
d) A rapid increase in lung volume

A

d) A rapid increase in lung volume

62
Q

Water surface tension in the alveoli

a) Favors expansion of alveolar volume static conditions
b) Contributes to the static forces that generate negative P(IP) at functional residual capacity
c) Is enhanced by secretions of type II alveolar cells
d) Increases alveolar compliance during inspiration

A

b) Contributes to the static forces that generate negative P(IP) at functional residual capacity

63
Q

INC/DEC/NO CHANGE
Secretions of type II alveolar cells ________ the pressure needed to inflate an alveolus

A

DECREASE

64
Q

INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Pulmonary airway obstruction on the PO2 of well perfused alveoli in lung zone 3?

A

DECREASE (40 roughly deoxygenated blood)

65
Q

INC/DEC/NO CHANGE
Pulmonary arteriolar obstruction (decrease perfusion) on the “V/Q of well-ventilated alveoli in the same lung region?”

A

INCREASE

66
Q

INC/DEC/NO CHANGE
Alveolar hypoxia on “blood flow (perfusion)” to this region of the lung?

A

DECREASE

67
Q

INC/DEC/NO CHANGE
An increase in pulmonary arterial pressure on “pulmonary vascular resistance” under normal physiological conditions?

A

DECREASE

68
Q

INC/DEC/NO CHANGE
An increase in lung volume (above the FRC) “on extra-alveolar vascular resistance?”

A

DECREASE

69
Q

INC/DEC/NO CHANGE
An increase in lung volume (above the FRC) on “alveolar vascular resistance?”

A

INCREASE

70
Q

NC/DEC/NO CHANGE
Shifting from reliance on fats to glucose ATP production on “RER”

A

Increase

71
Q

INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Partial pressure O2 travels from pulmonary arteries to pulmonary veins

A

INCREASE

72
Q

INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Diaphragm contraction on “Intrapleural pressure”

A

DECREASE

73
Q

INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Hyperventilation on “blood pH”?

A

INCREASE

74
Q

INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Pulmonary vasoconstriction on “alveolar PACO2?”

A

DECREASE

75
Q

INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Pulmonary vasoconstriction on “the regional V/Q ratio?”

A

INCREASE

76
Q

INC/DEC/No CHANGE
An increase in PaCO2 on “blood pH”

A

DECREASE

77
Q

INC/DEC/No CHANGE
An increase in PaCO2 on Hb-O2 binding affinity?

A

DECREASE

78
Q

INC/DEC/No CHANGE
An inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory complex IV on the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)

A

INCREASE

79
Q

INC/DEC/No CHANGE
An increase in CO2 release from active tissues on Hb-O2 affinity in nearby erythrocytes

A

DECREASE

80
Q

INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Hyperventilation on Hb-O2 binding affinity at PO2 of 40 mmHg

A

INCREASE

81
Q

INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Respiratory alkalosis (increase pH) on local bronchiolar diameter

A

DECREASE

82
Q

INC/DEC/No CHANGE
an increase in transpulmonary pressure (PTP) on alveolar volume (beginning at the functional residual capacity; FRC)

A

INCREASE

83
Q

INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation on “mitochondrial ATP production?”

A

DECREASE

84
Q

INC/DEC/No CHANGE
an increase in transpulmonary pressure (PTP) on lung volume?

A

INCREASE

85
Q

INC/DEC/No CHANGE
direct effect of decrease carotid arterial PO2 on peripheral chemoreceptor activity?

A

INCREASE

86
Q

INC/DEC/No CHANGE
direct effect of decrease carotid arterial PO2 on Central chemoreceptor activity?

A

NO CHANGE

87
Q

INC/DEC/No CHANGE
activation of the pons apneustic center on inspiratory drive?

A

INCREASE

88
Q

INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Activation of the pneumotaxic center in the pons on the rate and depth of inspiration

A

DECREASE

89
Q

_________ cells of secrete mucus in the trachea that help to moisten inspired air and trap particulate matter

A

Goblet

90
Q

INC/DEC/NO CHANGE
Expiration on “Intrapleural pressure”

A

INCREASE

91
Q

INC/DEC/No Change
Inhaling an agonist (activator) of bronchiolar smooth muscle Beta2-adrenergic receptors would be expected to _______________ lung airway resistance in an individual experiencing an asthma attack.

A

DECREASE

Mammalian Physiology (4 decks)

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