Pulmonary Flashcards
Found in bronchioles when goblet and submucosal glands are no longer present; may have secretory and also play a role in epithelial cell regeneration after injury (like type II cells in alveolus).
Clara Cells
Epithelial Cells
-Cover ~95% of alveolar surface
Primary sites of gas diffusion
-Secrete surfactant (eases expansion)
Repair/maintain epithelial layer
-Type I
-Type II
-Movement of molecules in a manner whereby net transfer of the gas is from high to low concentration is called ___________
-This is Driven primarily by the gas concentration gradients, or difference in gas ________ ________ across a semipermeable membrane
-Diffusion
-Partial Pressure
=increased Surface area for gas exchange;
-increased diffusion coefficient (solubility);
-increased ∆P (pressure gradient across membrane)
Will these increase or decrease Gas diffusion rate?
Increase
a decreased thickness of membrane between two compartments will increase/decrease gas diffusion rate
Decrease
____________ enhances diffusion by increasing gradients across the diffusion barrier
Convection
Most O2 exchanged is bound/released by _____________
Hemoglobin
Most of the CO2 in blood is in the form of _____
HCO3
Movement of air during respiration based on pressure gradients. Expressed as Volume/time
Ventilation
Process of blood flow to an organ such as to the lungs. Sometimes used in place of cardiac output, since lungs receive 100% of cardiac output. Units: Volume/time.
Perfusion
a decrease in the amount of oxygen in tissues. Important to define/consider the level at which this occurs
Hypoxia
a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
Hypoxemia
decreased/increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
Hypo/Hypercapnia
High / low respiratory rate
Tachypnea (high)
Bradypnea (low)
difficult or labored breathing
Dyspnea
volume normally inhaled or exhaled with each breath
Tidal Volume (TV)
additional volume of air that can be inhaled at the end of normal inspiration
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
additional volume of air that can be exhaled at the end of normal exhalation
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
air remaining (“trapped”) in lungs after max exhalation
Residual Volume (RV)
volume of the lungs at end of normal expiration.
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
maximal volume of air that can be inhaled and exhaled
Vital Capacity (VC)
maximal volume of air that can be inhaled
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
total volume of air in lungs after maximal inhalation
Includes anatomical “dead space” that aids in mixing of inspired/expired air
Total lung capacity (TLC)
volume of inspired air that does not take part in the gas exchange.
Dead Space
–__________ dead space = conducting zone
-_______ dead space = non-perfused or dysfunctional alveoli (e.g., emphysema)
-Anatomical
-Alveolar
This gas law states that at a constant temperature the absolute pressure and volume of gas are inversely proportional
Boyles Law
Pressure in the intra-pleural space between lungs and chest wall, Essentially the pressure in the chest cavity (intrathoracic pressure)
Intra-Pleural Pressure
Pressure inside conducting airways (bronchus, bronchioles)
Airway Pressure
Pressure difference across the airway wall
Trans-Mural Pressure
Pressure difference across the alveolar wall
Trans-Pulmonary Pressure
________ ______ is created by opposing recoils of lungs vs. chest wall creates PIP of ~ -5 cm H2O
Relative Vacuum
T/F:(regarding cellular respiration)
organismal O2 consumption rate correlates positively with aerobic ATP production rate in vivo
TRUE
T/F:(regarding cellular respiration)
electrons transferred from metabolic substrates to the mitochondrial electron transfer complexes ultimately reduce O2 to form water
TRUE
T/F:(regarding cellular respiration)
ATP is generated in mitochondria by the transfer of electrons from NADH to ADP and Pi at complex IV of the electron transport chain (cytochrome oxidase)
FALSE
T/F:(regarding oxidative metabolism)
Complete fatty acid oxidation requires less O2 per carbon than glucose oxidation
FALSE
T/F:(regarding oxidative metabolism)
1 Mole palmitate (16-carbon fatty acid) provides more acetyl-COA than 1 mole of glucose
TRUE (Beta-Oxidation)
T/F:(regarding cellular respiration)
The major “product” of electron transfer through respiratory complexes I, III, and IV is a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
TRUE
T/F: (regarding cellular respiration)
administering an uncoupling agent that increases mitochondrial membrane permeability to protons to respiring cells would be expected decrease in ATP production but increase or have no effect on cell oxygen consumption.
TRUE
T/F: (regarding oxidative metabolism)
NADH is a nucleotide that accepts and donates energy ‘stored’ in its phosphate bonds
FALSE
T/F: (regarding oxidative metabolism)
at a respiratory exchange ration of .79 CO2 production exceeds O2 consumption, therefore all aerobic ATP is CHO oxidation
FALSE
Aerobic production (OXPHOS) from fatty acids predominates in cells when _______ availability is high, and the rate io ATP demand is low
oxygen
Aerobic ATP production in mitochondria can be supplemented with ATP produced anaerobically by substrate-level ADP phosphorylation reactions during the breakdown of glucose in the cytosol of the cell, or via 1:1 phosphate exchanges with Phospho-creatine or (another) ADP by phosphagen kinases ________ _________ or _________ _________
Creatine Kinase
Adenylate Kinase
The end product of glycolysis is two molecules of __________
Pyruvate
In order to gain 2-3 ATP from glycolysis, we need ____ to pick up electrons (H-) removed during the GAPDH dehydrogenase reaction forming NADH
NAD+
If O2 supply is limited to a cell metabolizing glucose for ATP production most of the pyruvate produced will be reduced (H- added) to form _______. The source of electrons for this reaction is ____
lactate
NADH
During the Complete oxidation of glucose into 6 CO2 & H2O, the carbons in CO2 are derived from 2 __________ inside the mitochondria of the cell, where the electrons (H-) are ultimately accepted by oxygen forming ___
pyruvates
H20
Fatty acids are also oxidized in mitochondria, but this process consumes more __ per ___ produced compared to oxidation of glucose.
O2
CO2
-complete degradation of food fuels to CO2 and H2O by reactions/pathways that require oxygen
-Oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
Aerobic metabolism
-partial degradation of metabolic substrates by reactions that do not utilize oxygen
-“Substrate-level” ADP phosphorylation
Anaerobic metabolism
-Removes pyruvate to prevent glycolytic pathway inhibition
-Regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue at a high rate when oxygen supply or use is limited
Lactate
What does a decrease plasma pH (Increase [H+]) signal to the respiratory center in the CNS?
Increases rate of breathing
Inc/Dec/No change
Shifting from reliance upon fatty acids to glucose oxidation for aerobic ATP production on the “respiratory exchange ratio “
INCREASE
Inc/Dec/No change
“The partial pressure of O2” as it travels from the pulmonary arterial to pulmonary venous circulation
INCREASE
Inc/Dec/No change
-Diaphragm contraction on “intrapleural pressure (Pip)”
DECREASE
Inc/Dec/No change
A decrease in intrapleural pressure (Pip) on Transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) assuming no change in alveolar pressure (Pa)
INCREASE
INC/DEC/NO CHANGE
Direct effect of an increase in the partial pressure of O2 (PO2) on “alveolar pressure and lung volume”
NO CHANGE
T/F:
Expiration is largely a passive process involving relaxation of inspiratory muscles.
TRUE
T/F:
Alveoli will fill with air only if intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.
FALSE
T/F:
Passive recoil of the lungs and chest cavity oppose each other to generate a positive intrapleural pressure at functional residual capacity
FALSE
T/F:
Expiration is largely a passive process involving relaxation of inspiratory muscles
TRUE
In a healthy individual after a normal tidal expiration, an abrupt decrease in intrapleural pressure will result in:
a) Rapid decrease in transpulmonary pressure
b) Increase in alveolar pressure
c) Exhalation of the expiratory reserve volume
d) A rapid increase in lung volume
d) A rapid increase in lung volume
Water surface tension in the alveoli
a) Favors expansion of alveolar volume static conditions
b) Contributes to the static forces that generate negative P(IP) at functional residual capacity
c) Is enhanced by secretions of type II alveolar cells
d) Increases alveolar compliance during inspiration
b) Contributes to the static forces that generate negative P(IP) at functional residual capacity
INC/DEC/NO CHANGE
Secretions of type II alveolar cells ________ the pressure needed to inflate an alveolus
DECREASE
INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Pulmonary airway obstruction on the PO2 of well perfused alveoli in lung zone 3?
DECREASE (40 roughly deoxygenated blood)
INC/DEC/NO CHANGE
Pulmonary arteriolar obstruction (decrease perfusion) on the “V/Q of well-ventilated alveoli in the same lung region?”
INCREASE
INC/DEC/NO CHANGE
Alveolar hypoxia on “blood flow (perfusion)” to this region of the lung?
DECREASE
INC/DEC/NO CHANGE
An increase in pulmonary arterial pressure on “pulmonary vascular resistance” under normal physiological conditions?
DECREASE
INC/DEC/NO CHANGE
An increase in lung volume (above the FRC) “on extra-alveolar vascular resistance?”
DECREASE
INC/DEC/NO CHANGE
An increase in lung volume (above the FRC) on “alveolar vascular resistance?”
INCREASE
NC/DEC/NO CHANGE
Shifting from reliance on fats to glucose ATP production on “RER”
Increase
INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Partial pressure O2 travels from pulmonary arteries to pulmonary veins
INCREASE
INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Diaphragm contraction on “Intrapleural pressure”
DECREASE
INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Hyperventilation on “blood pH”?
INCREASE
INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Pulmonary vasoconstriction on “alveolar PACO2?”
DECREASE
INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Pulmonary vasoconstriction on “the regional V/Q ratio?”
INCREASE
INC/DEC/No CHANGE
An increase in PaCO2 on “blood pH”
DECREASE
INC/DEC/No CHANGE
An increase in PaCO2 on Hb-O2 binding affinity?
DECREASE
INC/DEC/No CHANGE
An inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory complex IV on the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)
INCREASE
INC/DEC/No CHANGE
An increase in CO2 release from active tissues on Hb-O2 affinity in nearby erythrocytes
DECREASE
INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Hyperventilation on Hb-O2 binding affinity at PO2 of 40 mmHg
INCREASE
INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Respiratory alkalosis (increase pH) on local bronchiolar diameter
DECREASE
INC/DEC/No CHANGE
an increase in transpulmonary pressure (PTP) on alveolar volume (beginning at the functional residual capacity; FRC)
INCREASE
INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation on “mitochondrial ATP production?”
DECREASE
INC/DEC/No CHANGE
an increase in transpulmonary pressure (PTP) on lung volume?
INCREASE
INC/DEC/No CHANGE
direct effect of decrease carotid arterial PO2 on peripheral chemoreceptor activity?
INCREASE
INC/DEC/No CHANGE
direct effect of decrease carotid arterial PO2 on Central chemoreceptor activity?
NO CHANGE
INC/DEC/No CHANGE
activation of the pons apneustic center on inspiratory drive?
INCREASE
INC/DEC/No CHANGE
Activation of the pneumotaxic center in the pons on the rate and depth of inspiration
DECREASE
_________ cells of secrete mucus in the trachea that help to moisten inspired air and trap particulate matter
Goblet
INC/DEC/NO CHANGE
Expiration on “Intrapleural pressure”
INCREASE
INC/DEC/No Change
Inhaling an agonist (activator) of bronchiolar smooth muscle Beta2-adrenergic receptors would be expected to _______________ lung airway resistance in an individual experiencing an asthma attack.
DECREASE
