Immunology Flashcards
The process of ________ is initiated when the codon ___ is reached on the mRNA and this codon binds by hydrogen bonding to the anticodon ___ on an aminoacyl tRNA carrying the amino
acid __________.
translation
AUG
UAC
methionine
The _______ ______ includes barriers, the complement cascade, toll-like
receptors, granulocytes, and natural killer cells
innate branch
The adaptive branch is governed by two systems, the humoral system with _ cells and the cellular system with _ cell
B
T
molecules, called _____ include lipopolysaccharides
common to gram positive and gram negative bacteria and are recognized in the extracellular
environment
PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns)
All cells of the immune system, whether the innate branch or the adaptive branch originate in the___ ____ ______ as pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
red bone marrow
Common Myeloid precursor cell –> Granulocyte–>
1.
2.
3.
1.Neutrophils
2.Basophils
3. Eosinophils
Common Myeloid precursor cell –> __________–> Macrophage
Monocyte
Common lymphoid precursor cell –> Common T-cell precursor –> ___ or Common ___ T-cell precursor which then gives rise to these four below
- 3.
4.
CD8 or CD4
- TH1
- TH2
- TH17
- Treg
Common lymphoid precursor cell –> Common ILC precursor–>
1.
2. (3 total)
3.
- NK cells
- ILC1/2/3
3.LTi
Both Naive B/T cells migrate to secondary _____ tissues such as:
1.
2.
3.
Lymphoid
- Lymph nodes
- spleen
- mucosal and cutaneous lymphoid tissues
_ cells, which are often located in the epithelium adjacent to the crypts transport proteins from the extracellular space of the intestine across the epithelium and into the Peyer’s patch
M
Mature plasma _ cells secrete ___
which crosses the epithelium and enters the lumen of the intestine where it binds specifically to
potential pathogens.
B
IgA
_ cells are concentrated in the follicles, and _ cells reside between the follicles. _________ and myeloid ________ cells are among the immune cells in Peyer’s patches
B
T
Macrophages
dendritic
The ______ is a secondary lymphoid tissue that monitors for blood-borne pathogens
spleen
The ______ pulp in the spleen is a region rich in macrophages where
worn out erythrocytes are destroyed. The _______ pulp constitutes regions in the spleen where B and T cells congregate
red
white
The organization of the white
pulp resembles the lymph node in that B and T cells are relegated to different regions. _ cells are
predominately located along the marginal regions of the white pulp near the Marginal sinus. The _ cells are located more centrally
B
T
In the ______ pathway, a molecule
with multiple binding sites attaches to mannose-rich sugar complexes containing acetylated sugars typically found in bacterial cell walls
lectin
LECTIN PATHWAY
plasma proteins include active site _______ proteases (MASPs) that cleave the plasma proteins __ and __ generating ___ and ___ on the pathogen cell surface.
The combination of these two
molecules generates an enzyme called __ convertase, which cleaves
__ into ___ and ___
serine
C2 and C4
C2a and C4b
C3
C3
C3a and C3b
The ________ ________ comprises three branches that involve similar cascades of enzymatic activity. All three culminate in a _______ _______ _______ that opens pores in bacterial membranes and kills the pathogen.
complement cascade
Membrane Attach Complex (MAC)
The combination of C3b, C2a, and C4b constitutes a new enzyme called
__ convertase which cleaves C5 to C5a and C5b
C5
C5
C5a & C5b
___ becomes an assembly point
for C6 through C9, and several C9 molecules assemble into a pore in
the pathogen’s membrane and initiate cell death.
C5B
MACs are less effective on the thick cell walls of fungi, but molecules from the complement cascade bind to fungi and prepare them for ___________ by ___________.
This process is called _________
Phagocytosis
Macrophages
opsonization
Gram _______ bacteria contain a
membrane plus a thick glycolipid wall, which stains purple with the Gram stain
Gram __________ bacteria lack this cell wall but contain two biological
membranes
Positive
negative
_____-_____ ________are an
evolutionarily ancient part of the
innate immune system that monitors
for viruses and pathogenic bacteria.
They are most commonly found on
sentinel cells such as dendritic cells
and macrophages
Toll-like receptors
TLR activation leads to the production of transcription factors that either turn on ___s for the production of interferon, or ______ for the production of the inflammatory cytokines
IRFs (Interferon Regulatory Factor)
NF- κB
Activation of TLRs 4, 3, 7, 8, and 9 lead to ________ production whereas the remaining TLRs generate ________ cytokines (TNF-α, Il-1β, Il-6, CCL-2, CXCL-8, and IL-12) by activating NF-κb.
interferon
inflammatory
Through a series
of ________ phosphorylations on the
cytoplasmic tails of these toll-like receptors, a cascade of events leads to the generation of transcription factors that activate genes for
_____
tyrosine
NFκB
Most of the cell surface toll-like
receptors activate NFκB leading to the
synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines including TNF, IL-1β, Il-6, and the chemokine ______
CxCL8
Endosomal TLRs mostly
bind viral nucleic acids, they usually activate genes for ____ _ _________which bind to healthy cells to reduce the rate of viral reproduction.
Type I interferons
Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the cytoplasmic domains of TLR4 leads to the phosphorylation of ____, which when phosphorylated, phosphorylates
IKK (Inhibitor of Kappa B Kinase)
IκB
NFκB is a dimer composed of ___ and ___.
The ___ subunit binds to DNA while ___ is the transactivator that initiates gene transcription of mRNA for proinflammatory cytokines
p50 & p65
p50
p65
Through its effects on tight junctions, ____ increases capillary permeability for fluids and cells from the blood. The increased fluid flow out of the
blood vascular compartment into the infected tissues causes ________
TNF-α
swelling
____ increases metabolism in muscle and fat cells to generate heat although the histamine release
from local mast cells dilates local arterioles to increase blood flow that results in the redness and
heat characteristic of acute __________
IL-6
inflammation
____ recruits __ cells to the site of infection where it activates them. These cells recognize and attack bacteria and virus-infected cells.
IL-12
Natural Killer (NK)
_____ is a chemokine that recruits ________ from the blood and guides them to the site if infection by generating a gradient that ________ can follow
CXCL8
neutrophils
neutrophils
____ is a chemokine that recruits
monocytes from the blood and directs
them to the infected tissue.
CCL2
______ ____________ are fragments of
bacterial cell walls that are transported across the phagolysosome’s membrane into
the cell cytoplasm of the host
cell. In the cytoplasm, muramyl
dipeptide binds to _____ causing
two ______ molecules to dimerize
Muramyl dipeptides
NOD2
NOD2
The dimer attached to the muramyl dipeptide leads through a series of tyrosine phosphorylations to the phosphorylation of ___, which
phosphorylates __
IKK (Inhibitor of Kappa B Kinase)
I κB (Inhibitor of κB)
Activation of a related nod-like receptor, _____, leads to the assembly of a multi subunit structure called an __________
Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)
inflammasome
NLRP3 binds a fragment of the pathogenic bacterium to convert inactive ______ to active _________, whose function is to convert inactive ______ to active ____.
procaspase 1
caspase 1
pro-IL1β
IL1β
inflammasome containing procaspase
4, is converted to active caspase 4 in the inflammasome, this molecule converts inactive ________ _ to its active form, which incorporates into
the plasma membrane and forms a pore where IL1B escapes and signals a cell death process called _________
gasdermin D
pyroptosis
For the cell to control viral protein production, cytoplasmic receptors called ___ ____ _ receptors and
____-_ receptors monitor for
viral mRNA
Rig-1-like (RLRs)
MDA-5
RLRs associate with a transmembrane protein in the outer mitochondrial membrane called ____
MAVS (Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling)
This intermolecular association between these two molecules leads to a series of ______/________ phosphorylations that culminates in the phosphorylation of _____/_
serine/threonine
IRF3/7 (Interferon-response factor)
IRF7 activates ___-_ cytokine
IRF3activates ___-_ cytokine
INFa
INFB
These are type I interferons
The cytoplasm of these cells contains numerous membrane-bound granules filled with ________ & ___________
granzymes & perforins
________ which are serine
proteases secreted with ________, enter the target cell through the perforin-generated pores. In the
target cell cytoplasm, these proteases activate cytoplasmic caspases and initiate apoptotic cell death.
Granzymes
perforin
TNF-α which affects both neutrophils and capillary endothelial cells. It causes endothelial cells to produce
adhesion molecules including ______ _______ and ______-_.
Vascular Addressin & ICAM-1
In neutrophils, TNF α leads to production of_______ (___-_) and _______ which bind to ICAM-1 and
Vascular Addressin on endothelial cells
integrin (LFA-1) and Selectin
TNF-a disrupts Tight junctions enhances the ability of neutrophils bound to the capillary wall to intercalate between the endothelial cells and leave the capillary in a process called ________
diapedesis
_____ _________ occurs when
ICAM on the endothelial cell
binds to the integrin LFA on the
neutrophil
In this stage, the chemokine CXCL8 released from activated resident macrophages binds to CXCL8 receptor on neutrophils and initiates ___________
Tight binding
extravasation.
As the neutrophils migrate, they synthesize and secrete a trail of ______ for other neutrophils to follow
CXCL8
B cells that express antibodies with the highest affinity for antigen are selected for survival in a process called ________ _________
affinity maturation
