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Mammalian Physiology > Cardio-Pulmonary 1 > Flashcards

Cardio-Pulmonary 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Elastic Systemic ________ are a pressure reservoir that maintains blood flow during ventricular relaxation

A

Arteries

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2
Q

Systemic _____ serve as an expandable volume reservoir.

A

Veins

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3
Q

Closure of atrio-ventricular valves at end of diastole indicates which sound? “LUB”

A

S1

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4
Q

Pressure during LV filling is known as

A

Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

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5
Q

Ventricular relaxation (filling)=

A

Diastole

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6
Q

Ventricular Contraction (ejection) =

A

Systolic

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7
Q

Volume after filling = _______ (Preload)

A

End Diastolic volume (EDV)

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8
Q

Pressure during contraction=

A

Systolic blood pressure (SBP)

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9
Q

Volume after contraction=

A

End Systolic Volume (ESV)

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10
Q

Closure of semilunar valves at end of systole has which sound? “DUB”

A

S2

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11
Q

Rapid filling of ventricles during early diastole yields what sound? “Gallop”

A

S3

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12
Q

A Stiff Left Ventricle during atrial contraction will create an __ “atrial gallop” sound.

A

S4

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13
Q

SBP-DBP=____

A

Pulse Pressure (PP)

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14
Q

EDV-ESV=

A

Stroke Volume (SV)

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15
Q

Volume of blood pumped over time
HR x SV =

A

Cardiac Output

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16
Q

Load (stretching/filling) placed on ventricle prior to contraction

A

Preload

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17
Q

Load against which the LV contracts (and must overcome aortic valve to eject blood)

A

Afterload

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18
Q

The majority of left ventricular coronary arterial blood flow occurs during the rapid ejection phase of the cardiac cycle. T/F

A

False

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19
Q

LV contractility or pressure development over time (+dP/dt)

A

Ionotropic State

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20
Q

An increase in total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR) results in a decrease in left ventricular afterload. T/F

A

False

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21
Q

What is the expected effect of administering a β1-adrenergic receptor agonist (activator) on left ventricular end systolic volume, assuming no change in end diastolic volume?

Increase/Decrease/No change

A

Decrease

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22
Q

T/F
S1 represents the opening of the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valves during a normal cardiac cycle.

A

False

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23
Q

T/F
S3 represents the closure of the semilunar (aortic and pulmonic) valves during a normal cardiac cycle.

A

False

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24
Q

T/F
S4 represents the forceful contraction of the atria, typically when LV compliance is low.

A

True

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25
Q

If left ventricular pressure exceeds left atrial pressure in a normal functioning heart, which one of the following statements must be true?

-the left ventricle contains its full end diastolic volume

-the mitral valve is closed

-the left ventricle is undergoing isovolumetric contraction

-the aortic valve is open

A

Mitral valve is closed

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26
Q

What protein binds calcium to promote contraction in vascular smooth muscle?

A

Calmodulin

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27
Q

What is the expected effect of aortic stiffening on aortic pulse wave velocity?

Increase/Decrease/No change

A

Increase

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28
Q

T/F
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is associated with a pathological increase in left ventricular end diastolic volume.

A

False

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29
Q

What is the effect of increase venous return on LV stroke volume (under conditions)?

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Increase

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30
Q

What is the effect of an increase in end diastolic volume on ejection fraction if stroke volume is unchanged?

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

decrease

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31
Q

What is the effect of widespread arterial and arteriolar vasoconstriction on left ventricular afterload?

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Increase

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32
Q

______tropic function
Heart rate (SA node firing rate)

___tropic function
Ventricular “contractility” (+dP/dt)

____tropic function
Ventricular relaxation rate (-dP/dt)

_____tropic function
Cardiac AP conduction rat

A

Chronotropic

Inotropic

Lusitropic

Dromotropic

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33
Q

What is the effect of increased heart rate (decreased cardiac cycle time) on preload (LV filling)?

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Increase

34
Q

What is the effect of widespread arterial and arteriolar vasoconstriction on total peripheral resistance?

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Increase

35
Q

Depolarization of cardiomyocytes initiates in increase in cytosolic _____

A

Calcium [Ca2+]i (Myosin Interaction)

36
Q

Increased release of _____________ neurotransmitter during PSNS stimulation

It will bind to Muscarinic __ (Gi) and __ (Gq) receptors

A

Acetylcholine

M2 (heart)
M3 (Blood Vessels)

37
Q

An increase of Parasympathetic stimulation will:
________ Cardiac Output
________ Heart Rate (Bradycardia
________ Contractility (dP/dt)
________ Stroke Volume

A

Decrease all of the above

38
Q

An Increase in Sympathetic Stimulation will:

________ Cardiac Output
________ Heart Rate (Tachycardia)
________ Contractility
________ Relaxation rate

Blood Vessels
__ Signal Vasoconstriction (receptor)
__ signal vasodilation

A

Increase to all of the above

a1 receptor
B2 Adrenergic receptors

39
Q

Diastolic Dysfunction:
_________ LV Filling
_________ LV Stiffening
_________ End Diastolic Pressure

A

Decrease
Increase
Increase

40
Q

Increase in vascular smooth intracellular CA2+ on arteriolar diameter

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Decrease

41
Q

widespread phosphorylation of myosin light chain in arteriolar smooth muscle on total peripheral resistance

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Increase

42
Q

Widespread phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase in arteriolar smooth muscle on total peripheral resistance

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

decrease

43
Q

Increased levels of cAMP in vascular smooth muscle on arteriolar diameter

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Increase

44
Q

inhibition of calcium-calmodulin binding on myosin light chain kinase activity

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Decrease

45
Q

Laminar blood flow inducing arteriolar shear stress on vascular endothelial intracellular calcium levels (Ca2+)

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Increase

46
Q

Chronic effect of increasing total peripheral resistance on left ventricular compliance

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Decrease

47
Q

LV stiffening on the degree (slope) of the EDPVR

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Increase

48
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy on the degree (slope) of the ESPVR

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Decrease

49
Q

Ca2+ triggers Vascular Smooth Muscle contraction by binding _______ which activates ______ _____ _____ kinase.

This kinase phosphorylates ______ _____ _____, favoring vasoconstriction

A

Calmodulin
Myosin Light Chain kinase (MLCK)
Myosin Light Chain

50
Q

Vascular Smooth Muscle is vasodilated by dephosphorylation of what enzyme?

A

Myosin Light Chain Phosphatase

51
Q

Nitric Oxide stimulates the enzyme ________ ______ in VSM to increase conversion of GTP to cyclic ___.

This acts as a second messenger to activate ___ which promotes smooth muscle relaxation

A

-Guanylyl cyclase
-cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate)

PKG (Protein Kinase G)

52
Q

facilitate electrical coupling between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells

A

Myoendothelial gap junctions

53
Q

T/F: Acetylcholine is an endothelium dependent vasodilator.

A

True

54
Q

T/F: Nitric oxide is endothelium = dependent vasodilator

A

FALSE (Endothelium-derived vasodilator (relacing factor))

55
Q

T/F: Lactate, H+ and adenosine promote vasoconstriction in arterioles supplying active skeletal during intense exercise

A

FALSE

56
Q

Vascular endothelial sheer stress on vascular smooth muscle intracellular Ca2+ levels (assuming a healthy endothelium)

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Decrease

57
Q

Intrinsic response of vascular smooth muscle Ca2+ to increase stretch

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Increase

58
Q

Expected effects of lactate, H+ and adenosine on arteriolar diameter when norepinephrine is bound to VSMC to a1-Ars

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Increase

59
Q

Relative blood flow (as % total cardiac output) to the liver in response to increased SNS outflow (e.g., during exercise)

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Increase

59
Q

Effect of aortic stenosis on LV afterload

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Increase

60
Q

Decrease of aortic compliance on aortic wave velocity

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Increase

61
Q

Relative blood flow (as% total cardiac output) to cardiac muscle in response to increased SNS outflow (e.g., during exercise)

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

No Change

62
Q

-_______ Hyperemia -Response to transient vessel occlusion

  • ______ hyperemia
    In response to increased metabolism
  • ________ response -In response to increased pressure and Autoregulation of blood flow.
A

Reactive
Active
Myogenic

63
Q

______________ reflex
-Senses arterial pressure (stretch)

___________ reflex
-Senses stretch or volume (increased VR)

________________ reflex
-Senses changes in circulating O2, CO2, H+

A

Arterial Baroreceptor

Atrial (Bainbridge)

Chemoreceptor

64
Q

An increase in Arterial Pressure will increase firing of Arterial Baroreceptors will cause:

A decrease of _________ outflow to heart, arterioles, and veins.

An increase of _______________ outflow to heart

Overall will ________(Increase/decrease) BP & CO

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Decrease

65
Q

An increased stretch (filling) of right atrium will increase ________ (SNS/PSNS) to _______ (increase/decrease) HR and Contractility.

A

SNS
Increase

66
Q

________ Chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid arteries fire in response to a decrease of PaO2 and an Increase of H+ (decreased blood pH)

A

Peripheral

67
Q

__________ Chemoreceptors in CNS medulla oblongata, fire in response to an increase of PaCO2

A

Central

68
Q

T/F: Acetylcholine is an endothelium dependent vasodilator.

A

True

69
Q

T/F: Nitric oxide is endothelium =- dependent vasodilator

A

False

70
Q

T/F: Lactate, H+ and adenosine promote vasoconstriction in arterioles supplying active skeletal during intense exercise

A

FALSE

71
Q

Fluid sheer stress is sensed by vascular endothelial cells , resulting in _________ (Increased/decreased) Ca2+, which activates eNOS to produce NO favoring vasodilation

A

Increased

72
Q

this lipid molecule produced and released by the vascular endothelium, induces vasodilation binding a cell membrane receptor on vascular smooth muscle cells?

A

prostacyclin (PGl2)

73
Q

What is the expected effect of vascular endothelial sheer stress on vascular smooth muscle intracellular Ca2+ levels (assuming a healthy endothelium)?

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Decreases

74
Q

What is the expected effect of an acute increase in arteriolar vascular smooth muscle stretch on vascular smooth muscle intracellular Ca2+ levels?

Increase/Decrease/No Change

A

Increase

75
Q

Activation of phospholipase C (PLC) by Gq-coupled alpha1-adrenergic receptors in vascular smooth muscle ultimately favors greater phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC20).

T/F

A

True

76
Q

Local vascular smooth muscle hyperpolarization can be conducted via gap junctions to adjacent cells to cause vasoconstriction and decrease blood flow to the surrounding tissue.

T/F

A

False

77
Q

Endothelial Calcium influx activates phospholipase A2 liberates ___________ ____ (AA) from membrane phospholipids. AA is then metabolized by ________________ (COX) pathway to ______________ (PGl2) causing Vasodilation

A

Arachidonic acid
Cyclooxygenase
Prostacyclin

78
Q

_________ pressure: Pushes fluid / electrolytes out of the capillary and into the interstitial space.

A

Hydrostatic

79
Q

___ __________ pressure: Pull fluid / electrolytes into the capillary from the interstitial space.

A

Net oncotic

80
Q

NDF > 0 = ________ occurs: fluid / electrolytes move
from the capillary into the interstitial space.

A

Filtration

81
Q

NDF < 0 = ____________ occurs: fluid / electrolytes move into the capillary from the interstitial space

A

reabsorption

Mammalian Physiology (4 decks)

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