Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mammalian Physiology > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Functional unit of the kidney and is responsible for maintenance of body fluid homeostasis

A

Nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

-within the Bowman’s capsule
-site of filtration

A

Glomerular capillary bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

-surrounds the nephron tube
-returns reabsorbed substances to systemic circulation
-secretes substances into interstitial space

A

Peritubular capillary bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

-Hollow structure lined with epithelial cells (tight junctions between cells)
-Site of reabsorption & secretion

A

Nephron tubule component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Four basic Renal processes:
F
R
S
E

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The _______ consists of most substances dissolved in plasma

Does not include ________ & ______ _____

A

filtrate

Proteins (some small peptide hormones are)
Blood Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

-1st step in the process that ultimately leads to the formation of urine by the kidneys
-Involves movement of water and solutes from the plasma into the Bowman’s Space

A

Filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Selectivity of glomerular filtration barrier is crucial for renal function based on:

A

Molecular Size
-radius
-shape
Electrical Charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

________ ___________ is the process that moves a substance out the tubular lumen across the epithelial layer

A

Tubular Reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

-Movement across/through (trans) the apical membrane into the epithelial cells
-Can remain inside the epithelial cell or move out across the basolateral membrane to enter the interstitial fluid Paracellular Movement

A

Transcellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Movement between/beside (para) cells through the tight junctions into interstitial fluid

A

Paracellular movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Total body water constitutes __% of total body weight

-Intracellular Fluid makes up __% (40% total BW)
-Extracellular make up __% (20% total BW)

A

60%
60%
40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Extracellular Fluid is divided into three types of fluid:
-_______: Fluid between cells 75%
-______: fluid portion blood 20%
- _______: Specialized Fluid

A

Interstitial
Plasma
Transcellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

7 FXNS of the kidney
(REGULATE x 5, EXCRETE, MAINTAIN)

A

-Regulate water/electrolyte
-Regulate systemic BP & Extracellular fluid volume
-Regulate acid-base balance
-Regulate red blood cell production
-Regulate Vit D production, calcium and phosphate balance
-Excrete metabolic waste & foreign substances
-Maintain blood glucose (gluconeogenesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Entrance and exit for the kidney is called what?

A

Hilus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

LAYERS:
Outer= _________
Inner= __________

A

Cortex
Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

This region/layer of the kidney:
-lacks glomeruli
-Small vessels (Vasa Recta)
-Parallel arrangement of tubules (reabsorb/secrete)

A

Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

This region/Layer of the kidney:
-Glomeruli
-Tubules (reabsorb/secrete)
-Blood vessels (90% of blood entering)

A

Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

________ act as collecting cups for urine formed by renal tissue in the pyramids

A

Calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

_________ Capillary bed:

-W/in bowman’s capsule

-site of filtration

A

Glomerular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

________ capillary bed:
-Surrounds nephron tubule
-Returns reabsorbed substances to systemic circulation
-Secretes substances into interstitial fluid

A

Peritubular capillary bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Movement of water and solutes from the plasma into bowman’s space known as ______ ________

This does not include
-________
-________

A

-glomerulus filtration

Proteins
Blood Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Glomerular filtration barrier is crucial for renal function and is based on what two components:

A
  • Molecular size (weight)
  • Electrical Charge (More positive and neutral charged)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

-The side of a renal tubular epithelial cell that faces the tubular lumen
-In contact with the filtrate

A

Apical Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The side of a renal tubular epithelial cell that faces the interstitial fluid and the peritubular capillaries

A

Basolateral Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The process that moves a substance out the tubular lumen across the epithelial layer

A

Reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Reabsorption is a two step-process:

-The movement (passive or active) of water and solutes from the filtrate inside the tubule through the ______ _________ into the renal epithelial cells

-Movement (passive or active) of water and solutes from inside the renal epithelial cells though the _________ _________ into the interstitial fluid and then through the peritubular capillary walls back into the bloodstream

A

-apical membrane
-basolateral membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Movement across/through the apical membrane into the epithelial cells Can remain inside the epithelial cell or move out across the basolateral membrane to enter the interstitial fluid

A

Transcellular Movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Movement between/beside (para) cells through the tight junctions into interstitial fluid

A

Paracellular movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Process of a substance that enters the tubular lumen via Transcellular and Paracellular Movement

A

Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Refers to expelling waste products from the body via biological functions
Examples:
Urine
Feces

A

Excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

-Rate at which systemic blood is delivered to the kidney
-Typically, ~20 – 25% of normal cardiac output (~1,000 ml/min)
-The entire blood volume is delivered to the kidneys approximately every 5 minutes

A

Renal Blood Flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

-The portion of RBF that is only plasma
-This is the portion of the blood that is filtered across the glomerular filtration barrier

A

Renal Plasma Flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

-Fraction of the renal plasma flow that actually moves across the glomerular filtration barrier →
becomes the ultrafiltrate
-~20% under normal circumstances

A

Filtration Fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

-Autoregulation of renal blood flow
-Regulation of Afferent and Efferent Arteriolar -Diameter
-Tubuloglomerular Feedback

A

Intrinsic Mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Act to “fine-tune” or modify intrinsic mechanisms:
Paracrine
Endocrine
Neural

A

Extrinsic mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What influences glomerular filtration rate?

A

Renal Blood Flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

-Automatic adjustment of blood flow at any given instant
-The intrinsic property of an organ to maintain a constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure

A

Autoregulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Renal blood flow is autoregulated through a localized reflexive process called the

A

myogenic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

↑ renal artery blood pressure stretches afferent arterioles → activates inward-directed Ca2+ channels → depolarization → arteriole contraction these cause this response

A

Myogenic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

-The primary regulation of glomerular filtration occurs within the ________ itself by constricting and dilating the afferent and efferent arterioles
-This affects the ________ _______ (PH or Pgc) within the glomerular capillaries

A

hydrostatic pressure

43
Q

Volume of fluid filtered through all corpuscles of both kidneys per day

-Influenced by renal blood flow:
-Hydrostatic (net) pressure
-Oncotic pressure

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

44
Q

Ultrafiltrate leaving Bowman’s Space is called

A

Tubular flow

45
Q

↑ renal output of water Known as ______ _______

A

pressure diuresis

46
Q

↑ the output of Na+ Known as ________ ________

A

pressure natriuresis

47
Q

-↑ systemic/renal artery blood pressure → afferent arteriole __________ (myogenic autoregulation):
-Does what to these parameters: Inflow → RBF → PGC → GFR → tubular flow

A

vasoconstriction
- Decreases all of them

48
Q

Afferent arteriole vasodilation (neural/hormonal):
Doe what to these parameters: Inflow → RBF → PGC → GFR → tubular flow

A

Increases all of them

49
Q

Efferent Arteriole outflow changes:
___________-↓ outflow → ↑ PGC → ↑ GFR* → ↑ tubular flow but ↓ RBF
_________-↑ outflow → ↓ PGC→ ↓ GFR → ↓ tubular flow but ↑ RBF

A

Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation

50
Q

What does RAAS stand for?

A

Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system

51
Q

↓ BP → ↓ afferent arteriole stretch → triggers release of renin from the ________ (juxtaglomerular)
cells within the afferent arterioles

A

Granular

52
Q

↑ Renin → ↑ angiotensin I → _ angiotensin II:

-Vasoconstriction of both the afferent and efferent arterioles but with more constriction of the________→ ↑ PGC →↑ GFR but ↓ in RBF

-Stimulates _________→ ↑ Na+ and water reabsorption → ↑ in systemic BP and RBF

A

↑
efferent
aldosterone

53
Q

_______ ________ _____
Sense the relative flow of NaCl in the distal tubule, which correlates directly with GFR
↑ NaCl flow (i.e., hi [NaCl]) = ↑ GFR
↓ NaCl flow (i.e., low [NaCl]) = ↓ GFR

A

Macula Densa cells

54
Q

High [NaCl] in filtrate (high GFR)
Secrete _______(ADO), which:

-↓ renin secretion from granular cells
-Constricts afferent arterioles (↓ P→ ↓ GFR)
-Dilates efferent arterioles (↓ PGC → ↓ GFR)

Low [NaCl] in filtrate (low GFR)
Stimulate granular cells to secrete ________
↑ renin → ↑ angiotensin II → selectively
constricts efferent arterioles → ↑ PGC → ↑ GFR
Stabilizes (autoregulates) RBF and GFR

A

adenosine
Renin

55
Q

________ sympathetic renal nerves are distributed to all segments of the intrarenal vasculature in the renal cortex and outer medulla
Interlobar, arcuate, and interlobular arteries (limited)
Afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles
Highest innervation is to the _________ glomerular arterioles followed by the _________ glomerular arterioles
↑ sympathetic activation → _ norepinephrine release → vaso_______ (α1 receptors)

A

-efferent
-afferent
-efferent
-↑
-vasoconstriction

56
Q

Innervation of all parts of the nephron ↑ sympathetic activation → _ renin release ( __receptors)

A

↑ (β1)

57
Q

Endocrine Factors/Mediators
Vasoconstrictors:
A
A
E
E
N
T
V

A

-Adenosine (can also be paracrine)
-Angiotensin II (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system / RAAS)
-Endothelin
-Epinephrine
-Norepinephrine (circulating)
-Thromboxane A2
-Vasopressin (ADH)

58
Q

Endocrine Factors/Mediators:
Vasodilators:
A
D
H
N
P

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide
Dopamine
Histamine
Nitric oxide
Prostaglandins E2 and I2

59
Q

the process of converting the systemic blood supply into a filtrate, which will ultimately become the urine

A

Glomerular Filtration

60
Q

-Found between afferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron
-This location is critical to its function in regulating renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

61
Q

Located in the tunica media of the afferent arterioles as they enter the glomeruli
Functions:
–Detect changes in renal perfusion pressure (baroreceptor function)
-Secrete renin in response to:
β1 stimulation
↓ in renal perfusion pressure
↓ [NaCl] at the macula densa

A

Granular cells

62
Q

A modified region of the distal convoluted tubule epithelium
Respond to changes in the [NaCl] in the distal tubule

A

Macula Densa

63
Q

Blood enters the glomerulus via the _______ arteriole

Plasma moves from __________ capillaries through the glomerular filtration barrier

~__% of renal plasma flow is filtered (filtration fraction)

The resulting filtrate (ultrafiltrate) collects in Bowman’s space and exits through into the ________
convoluted tubule lumen

The remaining blood within the glomerular capillaries exits through the efferent arteriole → ________ capillaries → systemic venous circulation

A

-afferent
-glomerular
-20%
-proximal
-peritubular

64
Q

Glomerular Filtration Barrier Consists of what 4 layers?

A

Glycocalyx
Capillary Endothelial Cells
Glomerular basement membrane
Epithelial podocytes

65
Q

-Between the capillary endothelial cells and the podocytes
-Negatively charged → favors filtration of cations

A

Glomerular basement membrane

66
Q

-Contain large fenestrations (windows) that allow free movement of water and small solutes
-Almost completely covered by glomerular basement membrane and podocytes

A

Capillary endothelial cells

67
Q

-Surround the capillaries and rest on the basement membrane
-Contain slit diaphragm that assists in the filtration process

A

Epithelial podocytes

68
Q

Paracrine Mechanisms:
Arteriole vasoconstrictors (↓ RBF):
A
L
E

Arteriole vasodilators (↑ RBF):
N
P

A

Adenosine
Leukotrienes
Endothelins

-Nitric oxide (NO)
-Prostaglandins

69
Q

-These receptors are located Located in the interlobular arteries and afferent arterioles

-These receptors are Located in the renal pelvis
Respond to extracellular [K+] and [H+]

A

-Baroreceptors
-Chemoreceptors

70
Q

Formation of urine involves 3 processes:

A

Filtration (Ultra)
Reabsorption
Secretion

71
Q

Explain:
Every
Waterfall
Raises Sodium
In exchange for Potassium
for another Waterfall

A

-Almost EVERYthing filtreed can be reabsorbed
-Descending loop of henle= water reabsorption
-Ascending Loop- reabsorption of Na+
-Distal Tubule: Na+ reabsorption with K+ secretion
-Colleting Duct: downward structure reabsorbs water

72
Q

Primary Renal process of:
The _______ _______ reabsorbs ~67% of all filtered:
Water
Na+
Cl-
K+
Other solutes

Reabsorbs nearly 100% of filtered:
Glucose
Amino acids
HCO3-

Secondary Renal Process=

A

Proximal Tubule
Secretion

73
Q

Epithelial transport requires that cells be __________

Has 5 steps
1. ______extrusion of Na+ from epithelial cell into interstitium across basolateral membrane
2. ______ entrance of Na+ from tubular lumen across the apical membrane into the cell (down gradient)
3. ______ movement of anions (Cl- & HCO3-) → electroneutrality
4. _______ flow of H2O from tubular lumen → interstitium
-Via aquaporin channels (transcellular movement)
-Paracellular movement
5. ______ ____ of Na+ & H2O into peritubular capillaries
-Driven by Starling forces

A

Polarized

  1. Active
  2. Passive
  3. Parallel
  4. Osmotic
  5. Bulk flow
74
Q

Proximal Tubule: Na+ Reabsorption

1st half: Na+ reabsorbed primarily with ______
-Majority of Na+ reabsorbed here, along with glucose and amino acids

2nd half: Na+ reabsorbed primarily with ___

A

HCO3

Cl-

75
Q

Proximal Tubule highly permeable to H2O due to __________ channels

A

aquaporin 1 (AQP1)

76
Q

Proximal Tubule: Water reabsorption
aquaporin 1 (AQP1)

-Highly expressed in the kidney

Controls water ________ in both apical and basolateral membranes

-Constitutive (continuous) absorption of >__% of water in the glomerular filtrate

Not regulated by _______ _______ (unlike AQP2 in the collecting tubules and ducts)

A

-reabsorption

-70%

-arginine vasopressin

77
Q

Thin descending limb

Primary renal process: _________ __ _____

Impermeable to ___

A

-Reabsorption of water

-Na+

78
Q

Loop of Henle (thin & thick ascending limbs)

Primary Renal Process: Reabsorption of _______
Reabsorbs ~__% of filtered NaCl
Starts with Na+/K+-ATPase in _______ membrane
Impermeable to ______ (lacks aquaporin proteins)
Since solutes are reabsorbed but not H2O → fluid produced is dilute relative to plasma → diluting segment

A

-Solutes
-25%
-basolateral
-water

79
Q

Distal Tubule (In Exchange for Potassium)

Primary Renal Process: Reabsorption of ____

Mostly Impermeable to ___
-Causes urine to become more _______

Na+ reabsorption in exchange for K+ ________

A

-NaCl
- H20
-diluted
-secretion

80
Q

Primary Renal Process: Reabsorption of _____

Absorption of ~__% of water in the glomerular filtrate

Large number of aquaporin proteins
Apical membrane
-AQP2 Regulated by ________ (ADH) via V2 receptor

Basolateral membrane
AQP3
AQP4

A

-water
-15%
-vasopressin

81
Q

______ ____________ ________ most important mechanism to counteract temporary / short-term changes in arterial pressure

A

Arterial baroreceptor reflex

82
Q

4 distinct pathways to regulate Na+:

A
  1. Renal baroreceptors
  2. sympathetic nervous system input
  3. Posterior Pituitary release of Vasopressin
  4. Release of atrial natriuretic peptide
83
Q

An ↑ in arterial pressure (i.e., hydrostatic pressure) of only a few mmHg alters GFR and can:

-Significantly ↑ renal output of water Known as pressure ______
-Significantly ↑ the output of Na+ Known as pressure ________ ……..Which → ↑ water loss

A

diuresis
natriuresis

84
Q

Kidney baroreceptors

Detect changes in renal perfusion pressure (baroreceptor function)
Secrete renin in response to:

-__stimulation (sympathetic input)
- _ in renal perfusion pressure
- _ [NaCl] at the macula densa (chemoreceptor function)

A
  • β1
  • ↓
  • ↓
85
Q

In Proximal Tubule:
NE binding to (primary) α1-adrenoceptors stimulates ___ ___________

In Collecting Tubules/Duct:
NE binding to α2-adrenoceptors inhibits ___ ____________

A

-Na+ reabsorption
-Na+ reabsorption

86
Q

_________ control distal nephron permeability to water and solutes

A

Hormones

87
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates
Na+ ________ in nephron (direct action)
*Water follows Na+
*Secretion of ________ (antidiuretic hormone)

A

reabsorption
vasopressin

88
Q

________ is the primary regulator of renal Na+ reabsorption and is regulated by angiotensin II

Produced in the ________ ______
Binds MR receptors in the _______ convoluted tubule

A

Aldosterone
adrenal cortex

89
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide acts i 2 ways:
1. Stimulates vaso_______ of the ________ arteriole
and induces vaso______ of the _______ arterioles

  1. Acts on several segments of nephron to ↓ Na+ reabsorption:
    -Early ______ ____ (primary site)
    -_______ & _________ tubule
A

Vasodilation - Afferent
Vasoconstriction- Efferent

Collecting duct
Proximal and Distal

90
Q

pH must be maintained within a narrow range _____ - ______

A

7.35 – 7.45

91
Q

Kidneys regulate acid-base balance by:

A

-Reabsorb (~99.9%) filtered HCO3-
-Secrete & excrete fixed acid (H+)
-Produce and reabsorb HCO3-

92
Q

This is the most important extracellular (interstitial fluid + plasma) buffer

A

HCO3

93
Q

Macula densa cells detect changes in _____ concentration and provide feedback to the ________ arterioles to regulate renal blood flow.

A

NaCl
Afferent

94
Q

The ____________ capillaries play a large role in the reabsorption of solutes and water into the cardiovascular system.

A

Peritubular

95
Q

Solutes are responsible for the movement of water between cells and the interstitial fluid by ________.

A

osmotic pressure

96
Q

As resistance in the efferent arterioles continues to increase above normal, glomerular filtration rate

A

Decreases due to a reduction of renal plasma flow, even though the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increases as a result of the reduced outflow of blood from the glomerulus.

97
Q

A decrease in the sodium concentration in the distal convoluted tubular filtrate is indicative of

A

A decrease in renal blood flow

98
Q

When systemic blood pressure increases, blood vessels supplying the kidney will ________ to maintain a steady rate of filtration.

A

contract:
In response to stretch, vascular smooth muscles vasoconstrict due to the opening of stretch-activated Ca2+ channels (the myogenic response).

99
Q

________ pressure must be greater on the capillary side of the filtration membrane to achieve filtration.

A

hydrostatic

100
Q

As glomerular filtrate moves through the ascending loop of Henle, the filtrate becomes more dilute: why?

A

The ascending loop of Henle is permeable to ions but impermeable to water.

101
Q

The presence of which of the following in the urine, even in small amounts, is indicative of a possible problem in the renal system of a patient?

A

Glucose

102
Q

Renin is released in response to which of the following?

A

Innervation by sympathetic neurons.
-Act via B1 receptors

Detection of low glomerular filtrate NaCl concentrations by macula densa cells.

Detection of low blood pressure by baroreceptor cells.

103
Q

Renal blood flow can be influenced/modified by which of the following?

  1. NaCl concentration in the glomerular filtrate.
    via Tubuloglomerular Feedback.
  2. Vascular tone of the afferent arterioles.
  3. Glomerular filtration rate.
  4. Vascular tone of the efferent arterioles.
A

1
2
4

Mammalian Physiology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions