Week 1 Flashcards
Inflammatory Response
- __________ response to cell injury
-Establishes an environment for healing and repair
-Inflammation is ______________________________ , but infection is not always present with inflammation – (think sprained ankle)
-Sequential response to cell injury
-Establishes an environment for healing and repair
-Inflammation is always present with infection, but infection is not always present with inflammation – (think sprained ankle)
Inflammatory Response
Cellular Response
-Neutrophils & monocytes
- _____________ first to arrive – phagocytize bacteria and other foreign objects
-Dead neutrophils and bacteria are ____
- Monocytes transform into _____________ and clean the area for healing…
-_______________ arrive later – humoral and cell mediated immunity
-Neutrophils & monocytes
- Neutrophils first to arrive – phagocytize bacteria and other foreign objects
-Dead neutrophils and bacteria are pus
- Monocytes transform into macrophages and clean the area for healing…
-Lymphocytes arrive later – humoral and cell mediated immunity
Inflammatory Response
Vascular Response
-Initial vascular ____________ followed by chemical mediated (histamine)
_____________ /capillary permeability (redness, swelling, heat)
-Initial vascular constriction followed by chemical mediated (histamine)
vasodilation/capillary permeability (redness, swelling, heat)
Chemical mediators
- Complement system – ___________ ___________ mediates inflammation
-______________ & Leukotrienes – (think of meds used to treat inflammation – leukotriene inhibitors)
- Complement system – enzyme cascade mediates inflammation
-Prostaglandins & Leukotrienes – (think of meds used to treat inflammation – leukotriene inhibitors)
Clinical manifestations of inflammation
See table 11-3 (Local Manifestations of Inflammation)
-______, redness, ______, swelling, loss of function (due to pain & swelling)
-Increase and “shift to the left” (______)
-Fever!
-Fever may not be present in ___________________ individuals (Cancer or those receiving chemo, HIV/AIDS, transplant recipients on immunosuppressant medications, older adults)
-Even small increases in ______ in compromised individuals should be a “red flag” to investigate and be concerned about
-Heat, redness, pain, swelling, loss of function (due to pain & swelling)
-Increase and “shift to the left” (WBCs)
-Fever!
-Fever may not be present in immunocompromised individuals (Cancer or those receiving chemo, HIV/AIDS, transplant recipients on immunosuppressant medications, older adults)
-Even small increases in temp in compromised individuals should be a “red flag” to investigate and be concerned about
Inflammation treatment
-RICE
_______
_______
____________________________
_____________
-Drug therapy
_________
__________
-RICE
Rest
Ice
Compression & immobilization
Elevation
-Drug therapy
NSAIDS
Tylenol
WOUND HEALING
Regeneration - ___________ of lost cells and tissues with the same type
Repair - Lost cells replaced with _____________________ – scar formation
Primary, secondary, tertiary - intention healing
Regeneration - Replacement of lost cells and tissues with the same type
Repair - Lost cells replaced with connective tissue – scar formation
Primary, secondary, tertiary - intention healing
WOUND HEALING COMPLICATIONS
Review Table: 11-7 (Complications of Wound Healing)
Adhesions
Contractions
Dehiscence
Evisceration
Fistula
Infection
Hemorrhage
Hypertrophic scars
Keloid
Adhesions
Contractions
Dehiscence
Evisceration
Fistula
Infection
Hemorrhage
Hypertrophic scars
Keloid
________________________ is the most common acute hyperglycaemic emergency in people with diabetes mellitus
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) results from ____________ deficiency, leading to hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and ketosis.
It commonly occurs in uncontrolled type 1 diabetes (T1DM) but can also affect poorly controlled type 2 diabetes (T2DM) under stressful conditions.
insulin
Rights of Delegation:
Right task, circumstance, person, directions and communication, and supervision and evaluation
Why do you ice? (RICE) for inflammation
Causes vasoconstriction
Why do you elevate for inflammation?
Stops pooling/ fluid accumulation
Tylenol does what?
reduces:
fever & pain
NSAIDS like ibuprofen
they reduce:
inflammation, pain, & fever
Inflammation = primary
__________ is a separation of an incision
___________ is protrusion of abdominal viscera through an incision.
Dehiscence is a separation of an incision
Evisceration is protrusion of abdominal viscera through an incision.
Immunity is the body’s ability to:
resist disease.
Immunity serves three functions
- __________ – prevents invasion of microorganisms and infection
- _______________ – damaged cellular substances are digested and removed
- ____________ – mutations continually arise, recognized as foreign
- Defense – prevents invasion of microorganisms and infection
- Homeostasis – damaged cellular substances are digested and removed
- Surveillance – mutations continually arise, recognized as foreign
Antigens are substances that elicit :
an immune response
Antigens are usually __________ , but also large polysaccharides, lipoprotiens, and nucleic acids
proteins
Innate immunity – ___________________ , primary role is against pathogens
-Non-specifi c response – not antigen specific
present at birth
Acquired Immunity - 2 types
Active
Passive
Active acquired immunity
- Results from __________________________ & development of antibodies & sensitized lymphocytes
- Naturally or through _____________
- Takes time to develop but lasts a long time
- Results from invasion of foreign bodies & development of antibodies & sensitized lymphocytes
- Naturally or through vaccinations
- Takes time to develop but lasts a long time
Passive acquired immunity
- Host ___________________ rather than making them
- From mother to fetus
- Injection of gamma globulin (serum antibodies) – think rabies …
- Benefits – ____________ immunity
- Drawback – ____________ immunity
- Host receives antibodies rather than making them
- From mother to fetus
- Injection of gamma globulin (serum antibodies) – think rabies …
- Benefits – immediate immunity
- Drawback – short lived immunity