EAQ + HESI- Diabetes Flashcards
Which is the etiological factor of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DI)?
Meningitis
Lithium therapy
Graves disease
Sulfonamide therapy
Lithium therapy
Lithium therapy is the etiological factor of nephrogenic DI. Central nervous system infections such as meningitis are etiological factors of central DI. Goiter, an enlarged thyroid gland, is commonly seen in clients with Graves disease. Sulfonamide is a goitrogen that can cause goiter.
Which is a secondary cause of adrenal insufficiency?
Hemorrhage
Tuberculosis
Pituitary tumors
Metastatic cancer
Pituitary tumors
Adrenal insufficiency is also called Addison disease. Secondary causes of adrenal insufficiency include pituitary tumors. Primary causes, which are responsible for adrenal insufficiency, include hemorrhage, tuberculosis, and metastatic cancer.
Which gland secretes melatonin?
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Parathyroid gland
Pineal gland
The pineal gland secretes the hormone melatonin, which regulates the circadian rhythm and reproductive system at the onset of puberty. The thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormones. The adrenal gland secretes androgens, corticosteroids, and catecholamines. The parathyroid gland secretes the hormone calcitonin.
Which blood glucose levels would the nurse identify as hypoglycemia?
68 mg/dL (3.8 mmol/L)
78 mg/dL (4.3 mmol/L)
88 mg/dL (4.9 mmol/L)
98 mg/dL (5.4 mmol/L)
68 mg/dL (3.8 mmol/L)
Normal blood glucose level for an adult is 72 to 108 mg/dL (4-6 mmol/L). Clients who have blood glucose levels less than 72 mg/dL (4 mmol/L) may experience hypoglycemia; 78 mg/dL (4.3 mmol/L), 88 mg/dL (4.9 mmol/L), and 98 mg/dL (5.4 mmol/L) are normal blood glucose levels.
Normal blood glucose level for an adult is ___________ mg/dL
72 to 108
hypoglycemia symptoms occur when blood glucose levels fall below ___ mg/dL.
70
Which disorder is caused by the deficiency of antidiuretic hormone?
Acromegaly
Diabetes insipidus
Cushing syndrome
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
Diabetes insipidus
Which term would the nurse use in a report to describe the absence of menstrual periods in a 35-year-old nonpregnant client?
Rhinorrhea
Menopause
Amenorrhea
Dyspareunia
Amenorrhea
The absence of menstrual periods in a nonpregnant client younger than 55 years old is called ______________ .
amenorrhea
Rhinorrhea is an ________ state that is manifested by a runny nose
allergic
Dyspareunia is ______ during sexual intercourse
pain
Which surgery will a client undergo if the pituitary gland must be removed?
Mastectomy
Prostatectomy
Thyroidectomy
Hypophysectomy
Hypophysectomy
A hypophysectomy is the surgical removal of the pituitary gland (hypophysis) or its tumor. A mastectomy is the surgical removal of breast tissue. A prostatectomy is the surgical removal of the prostate gland. A thyroidectomy is the surgical removal of the thyroid gland.
Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary gland?
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Growth hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Oxytocin
Prolactin, growth hormone, and luteinizing hormone are produced by the __________ pituitary gland.
anterior
Which hormone has both inhibiting and releasing action?
Prolactin
Somatostatin
Somatotropin
Gonadotropin
Prolactin
Which hormone is formed from cholesterol?
Insulin
Cortisol
Prolactin
Growth hormone
Cortisol
All lipid-soluble hormones are synthesized from cholesterol. Cortisol, a lipid-soluble hormone, is secreted by the adrenal cortex. All water-soluble hormones are formed from amino acids. Insulin, prolactin, and growth hormone are water-soluble hormones. Insulin is secreted by the pancreas. Prolactin and growth hormone are secreted by the pituitary gland.
Which action would be appropriate to implement when collecting a 24-hour urine test?
Start the time of the test after discarding the first voiding.
Discard the last voiding in the 24-hour period for the test.
Insert a urinary retention catheter to promote the collection of urine.
Strain the urine after each voiding before adding the urine to the container.
Start the time of the test after discarding the first voiding.
Which organ has only beta-1 receptors?
Liver
Heart
Bladder
Pancreas
The heart has only beta-1 receptors, which increase heart rate and contractility.
The liver has only alpha receptors.
The bladder and pancreas have both alpha and beta receptors.
Which catecholamine receptor is responsible for increased heart rate?
Beta-1 receptor
Beta-2 receptor
Alpha-1 receptor
Alpha-2 receptor
Beta-1 receptors are responsible for increased heart rate.
Beta-2 receptors, alpha-1 receptors, and alpha-2 receptors are not present in the heart; therefore, they are not responsible for increasing the heart rate.
Beta receptors are present in such organs as blood vessels, kidneys, bronchioles, and bladder. Alpha receptors are present in such organs as eyes, skin, and liver.
Which hormone regulates blood levels of calcium?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Which hormone is released from the pancreas?
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Calcitonin
Somatostatin
Somatostatin
Somatostatin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon.
Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that acts on the uterus and mammary glands. Prolactin is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that targets the ovaries and mammary glands in women and testes in men. Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that interacts with bone tissue.
Which gland is an exocrine gland?
Thyroid gland
Salivary gland
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid gland
Salivary gland
Exocrine glands are glands with ducts that produce enzymes but not hormones. These glands secrete enzymes into ducts. The salivary gland secreting saliva is an example of an exocrine gland. Endocrine glands are ductless glands that produce hormones that are secreted into the blood. Thyroid, pituitary, and parathyroid glands are examples of endocrine glands.
The nurse cares for a client with an abnormal cortisol level. The nurse recalls which information about cortisol?
Cortisol metabolizes free fatty acids.
Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis.
Cortisol stimulates protein synthesis.
Cortisol levels decline in stressful conditions.
Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis.
Cortisol maintains the blood glucose concentration by stimulating the liver for gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis involves formation of glucose from amino acids and fatty acids. Cortisol mobilizes free fatty acids and inhibits protein synthesis. The blood levels of cortisol increase in stressful conditions.
Which hormone would the nurse identify as inhibiting insulin and glucagon secretion?
Amylin
Somatostatin
Triiodothyronine (T 3)
Pancreatic polypeptide
Somatostatin
Which adverse effect can be seen in a female client with gonadotropin deficiency and who is undergoing hormone replacement therapy?
Thrombosis
Hypotension
Dehydration
Increased thirst
Thrombosis
To ensure a quality specimen and an accurate test result, which instruction would the nurse give a client who is scheduled to undergo urine endocrine testing?
“Start the urine collection when the bladder is full.”
“Store the urine specimen in a cooler with ice.”
“Store the urine specimen in a home refrigerator.”
“Save the urine specimen that begins the collection.”
“Store the urine specimen in a cooler with ice.”
The urine specimen that is collected for endocrine testing should be stored in a cooler with ice to prevent bacterial growth in the specimen. The nurse should instruct the client to start the urine collection after emptying the bladder. The client should be instructed not to store the urine specimen in a home refrigerator with other food and drinks because it could lead to cross-contamination. The client should be instructed to refrain from saving the urine specimen that begins the collection because the timing for urine collection starts from after the initial voiding specimen.
Which procedure is preferred to find out the composition of a thyroid nodule and ascertain the need for further surgical intervention?
Mass spectrometry
Computed tomography scans
Glycosylated hemoglobin test
Needle biopsy
Needle biopsy
A nurse educator instructs a new nurse during orientation about the physiological processes of the endocrine system. Which statement made by the new nurse indicates effective learning?
“The endocrine system comprises glands with narrow ducts.”
“The endocrine system comprises salivary and lacrimal glands.”
“The hormones of the endocrine system exert their action by ‘lock and key’ mechanism.”
“The hormones secreted by endocrine system exert their action on all tissues they contact.”
“The hormones of the endocrine system exert their action by ‘lock and key’ mechanism.”
Which gland is affected in aldosteronoma?
Kidney cortex
Thyroid gland
Pituitary gland
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal cortex
The nurse is teaching a client newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes about self-care. Which is the primary long-term goal?
Maintaining normoglycemia
Complying with the diabetic diet
Adhering to an exercise program
Developing a nonstressful lifestyle
Maintaining normoglycemia
Which complication is the nurse’s main priority during the early postoperative period after a subtotal thyroidectomy?
Hemorrhage
Thyrotoxic crisis
Airway obstruction
Hypocalcemic tetany
Airway obstruction
Maintaining airway patency is always the priority to permit gas exchange necessary to maintain life. Although important, hemorrhage, thyrotoxic crisis, and hypocalcemic tetany do not exceed patency of the airway in priority.
Why is 15 g of a simple sugar administered when a client with diabetes experiences hypoglycemia?
Inhibits glycogenesis
Stimulates release of insulin
Increases blood glucose levels
Provides more storage of glucose
Increases blood glucose levels
Which hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Corticotropin
Antidiuretic hormone
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone
Which instruction would the nurse provide to a 6’ 0”, 160-pound client newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes who wants to self-administer injections with an insulin pen? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Prime the needle with two units.
Use a 29-gauge insulin needle.
Give the injection at 45-degree angle.
Refrain from recapping the needle.
Dial the pen to deliver the unit dose.
All of the above
Which sign or symptom would the nurse expect to find on assessment of a client with a blood glucose level of 55 mg/dL?
Increased thirst
Abdominal pain
Frequent urination
Cold, clammy skin
Cold, clammy skin
A client with a blood glucose level of 55 mg/dL indicates hypoglycemia. Clinical manifestations would include cold, clammy skin; tachycardia; nervousness; and slurred speech.
A client with hyperglycemia would present with increased thirst (polydipsia), abdominal pain, increased urination (polyuria), and polyphagia.
A client with ______________ would present with increased thirst (polydipsia), abdominal pain, increased urination (polyuria), and polyphagia.
hyperglycemia