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Yr3Sem2 Exercise for Health and Disease Prevention > Week 07 - Mental health > Flashcards

Week 07 - Mental health Flashcards

1
Q

Depression is characterized by

A

sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, tiredness, and poor concentration.

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2
Q

Anxiety is an emotion characterized by feelings of..

A

of tension, worried thoughts and physical changes like increased blood pressure and heart rate, dizziness, sweating and trembling (APA definition).

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3
Q

Bipolar disorder typically consists of…

A

both manic and depressive episodes separated by periods of normal mood. Manic episodes involve elevated or irritable mood, over-activity, rapid speech, inflated self-esteem and a decreased need for sleep.

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4
Q

Psychoses, including schizophrenia, are characterized by…

A

distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behaviour. Common psychotic experiences include hallucinations (hearing, seeing or feeling things that are not there) and delusions (fixed false beliefs or suspicions that are firmly held even when there is evidence to the contrary).

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5
Q

____ Australians die every day by suicide.

A

eight

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6
Q

___% of those who take their own life are male.

A

75%

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7
Q

_____ is the leading cause of death for Australians between the ages of 15 and 44.

A

Suicide

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8
Q

The suicide rate in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples is _____ that of their non-Indigenous counterparts, along with people in rural areas.

A

twice

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9
Q
  • Exercise has _____ and _____ anti depressive effect for people with depression and MDD (major depression)
  • Aerobic mod-vig AND ____ shown anti depressive effect
A

large and significant. RT

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10
Q

Main findings of Schuch 2016 meta-analysis

A
  • A large anti-depressant effect of exercise versus inactive control conditions
  • The anti-depressant effect of exercise was higher in MDD
  • Previous publication bias has resulted in underestimating the anti-depressant effects of exercise
  • Larger effects were seen for outpatients, in samples without comorbidities, and when supervised by qualified exercise professionals.
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11
Q

Exercise is also effective for the ______ of depression

A

prevention

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12
Q

Substance Use Disorders in youth

A
  • Adolescence is characterised by rapid physical and psychological changes, and increased experimentation and risk taking
  • SUD involves the repeated use of alcohol or drugs causing clinically and functionally significant impairments including health problems, disability and failure to meet responsibilities
  • In Australia, 12% of youth (Age 12-17) have SUD
  • Earlier initiation = increased risk of SUD in adulthood
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13
Q

Most common SUDs:

A
  • Alcohol
    • Nicotine
    • Marijuana
    • Meth/amphetamine
    • Opiates
    • Ecstasy (MDMA)
  • “Poly-substance use”: >2 substances (56.5% of SUD-affected youth)
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14
Q

At-Risk Populations of SUDs

A

•Failure to complete Year/Grade 10
•Unemployment or insecure employment
•Criminal behaviour
•Unsafe health practices
•A family environment that fails to provide a sense of safety and/or convey self-worth

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15
Q

Risk that lead to SUDs in youth??

A
  • Peer Influences:
    • Substance abuse in peers increases risk (behavior is normalised)
  • School:
    • Low achievement
    • Negative experiences
    • Low academic expectations
  • Stress
    • Stressful and traumatic experiences early in life
  • Boredom – too much leisure time
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16
Q

___% of youth in treatment for SUD have at least one mental health disorder

A

64%

17
Q

Conduct disorder:

A

a behavioural problem in children and adolescents, which may involve aggression and law-breaking tendencies.

18
Q

Oppositional disorder:

A

a behavioural problem characterised by constant disobedience and hostility.

19
Q

ADHD:

A

a condition that affects a young child’s behaviour and learning. Children with ADHD often have difficulty concentrating (are easily distracted), and are impulsive and overactive.

20
Q

Current Treatment Methods for SUDs

A
  • Only 7-10% of youth with SUD receive care
  • No consistent approach to rehab exists
  • Primary goal is abstinence through the treatment of physiological , psychological and sociological problems presented by the individual
  • Additional holistic goals:
    • Reduce self harm
    • Facilitating education
    • Reduce substance use
    • Improve interpersonal relationships
    • Improve physical and mental health
21
Q

Benefits of Exercise in Youth SUD

A
  1. Exercise may help alleviate the following factors that contribute to or act as barriers to recovery:
    1. Lack of social support
    2. Poor mental health
    3. High stress
    4. Boredom
  2. Support holistic goals:
    1. Improved relationships (social well-being)
    2. Improved physical health (physical well-being)
    3. Improved mental health (psychosocial well-being)
22
Q

Benefits of Exercise in Adults with SUD

A
  • Reduced alcohol consumption, nicotine and illicit drug use
  • Improved abstinence
  • Improved sense of well-being (mental health/mood)
  • Improved sleep
  • Reduced depression
  • Reduced anxiety
  • Improved motivation
  • Relapse prevention (reduced urges/cravings)
  • Improved coping strategies
23
Q

Youth:
- __% interested in exercise as part of treatment
- 90% preferred face-to-face format
- >75% preferred a variety of modalities

A

70%,

24
Q

Adults
- __% interested
- Deriving enjoyment a key factor in being physically active
- Preferred mode/intensity:
- Walking and resistance training
- Moderate to high intensity

A

95%

25
Q

Barriers in Adults to exercise

A

General:
- Cost
- Lack of motivation
- Lack of knowledge
- Lack of confidence
- Transportation
- Not having enough energy
- Feeling uncomfortable
- Not being able to keep up

Health related challenges:
- Heavy drug use
- Poor health
- Psychological issues

26
Q

Spanner, 2012 reported benefits in youth with SUDs…?

A
  • Mental health-related benefits: increased self-confidence and concentration, positive variation in mood, and improvements in energy.
  • Improvements in physical health
  • Placing greater value on their health
  • Increased motivation to exercise
  • Reduced negative feelings toward exercise
27
Q

Collingwood, 1991 reported benefits in youth with SUDs…?

A
  • Improvements in health-related physical fitness tests
    - Reductions in depression and anxiety
28
Q

Future Directions in Research and Practice

A
  • Examine exercise perceptions and attitudes among youth with SUD (barriers and facilitators)
  • Examine recovery-related outcomes: abstinence, health outcomes (functional, physiological, psychological), relapse rates
  • Identify community transition pathways and long-term outcomes
29
Q

There is accumulating evidence to suggest that _____ ______ may serve as an effective treatment option for individuals with PTSD.

A

aerobic exercise

30
Q

Potential mechanisms by which aerobic exercise could exert a positive impact in PTSD include…

A

exposure and desensitization to internal arousal cues, enhanced cognitive function, exercise-induced neuroplasticity, normalization of hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) function, and reductions in inflammatory markers.

31
Q

According to DSM-5 there are four broad symptom clusters of PTSD:

A
  1. Intense reliving (re-experiencing) of the traumatic event(s) through disruptive memories and nightmares
    1. Avoidance of reminders of the event
    2. Negative cognitions and mood
    3. Hyperarousal (heightened sense of danger)
32
Q

PTSD consequences

A
  • Alternations in brain structure and function
  • Increased usage of healthcare services
  • Loss of productivity
  • Development of major chronic diseases: obesity, diabetes (metabolic syndrome)
  • Sedentary
33
Q

Exercise in PTSD

A
  • The notion that physical activity and exercise are viable treatments for PTSD has been gaining momentum in the research community (20–25).
34
Q

Physiological Mechanisms of exercise for PTSD

A
  • Exposure and Desensitization to Internal Arousal Cues (Stress Response reduced in non-exercise contexts)
  • Improved cognitive function (memory, task performance, problem solving)
  • Alterations in brain structure and function
  • Normalization of the HPA-axis
  • Enhanced immune system and reduced inflammation
    OVERALL: reduced psychological and physiological stress

Yr3Sem2 Exercise for Health and Disease Prevention (7 decks)

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