Week 03 - Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards
……. leading cause of death in Australia
Coronary heart disease
- Ischemia can be symptomatic (_____) or asymptomatic (________)
angina, silent ischemia
Angina symptoms:
heavy, squeezing or constricting feeling behind the sternum, SOB, nausea, diaphoresis, can radiate to shoulders and arms, jaw.
Angina symptoms are typically ____ in duration but can last
1-20s, can last >30mins
Describe unstable vs stable angina?
Stable:
known cause, predictable, known amount of stress causing, relieved with rest or nitroglycerin. >70%
Unstable:
unknown cause, indicates nearly complete blockage of coronary artery (above 70% of artery), precursor to MI, treated with anticoagulants and re-vascularisation
Myocardial infarction
- Cardiac ischamia resulting in myocardiocyte death
- Symptoms: severe prolonged chest pain
Myocardial infarction usually involves the ____ ventricle
left
Myocardial infarction has permanent loos of contractility (_____ ______)
necrotic myocardium
What is included in step 1 of pre-dispositions to an MI?
Step 1:
- Hypertension, dyslipidemia, cigarette smoking, toxins and viruses artery wall
What is included in step 2 of pre-dispositions to an MI?
Step 2:
- Monocytes and T cells penetrate the intima (injured vessel wall)
- Monocytes ingest LDL and covert into foam cells (fatty streak)
- Cholesterol is not cause, it comes after to help repair
What is included in step 3 of pre-dispositions to an MI?
- Smooth muscle cells migrate into the intima and grow abnormally - change into foam cells - start to release collagen and proteins
- Create a fibrous hardening
- Risk of thrombus (clot, full blockage) and embolus (migrating blockage) increases
- Embolus: migrating blockage into bloodstream, cause of sudden death
Can CAD Risk be Reduced with Exercise?
Yes.
- Research showing reduced risk of CAD in people who are more physically active
- More is better (dose response relationship) but some is better than none
Can CAD be reversed?
Yes, “Overall, 82% of experimental-group patients had an average change towards regression. Comprehensive lifestyle changes may be able to bring about regression of even severe coronary atherosclerosis after only 1 year, without use of lipid-lowering drugs.”
Explain a coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG):
- sternum cut down and ribs pulled apart
- heart stopped
- graft harvested from L internal mammary artery and or saphenous vein
- bypasses and builds new arterial pathway
Explain a percutaneous intervention (PCI and PTCA):
- angioplasty or balloon angioplasty
- usually involves insertion of stent through insertion of catheter in arm
CABG patients likely older, more blockages, and lower ___ than PCI
ejection fraction
- Average EF in CABG patients = __%
- Average EF in PCI patients = __%
38%
55%
Patency (how well it lasts) rates for saphenous vein grafts are:
- __% after 1 year
- __% after 5 yrs
- __% after 11 yrs
90%
80%
60%
For CABG and PCI patients, two weeks of …. should be done before introducing ….?
aerobic training, RT
___ exercises are needed early for CABG patients
ROM, avoid loaded upper body during the first 12 weeks
HIIT more effective than moderate intensity IT for cardiac patients –>
velocity of blood reduces atherosclerosis and is safe for majority of cardiac patients
Explain two types of CVAs?
Ischaemic stroke (85%): blockage, embolism, thrombosis - area deprived of blood due to obstruction blocking BF
Haemorrhagic stroke (15%): risk increased by aneurysm
- area bleeding, weakened vessels, wall raptures, bleeding in brain - 50% will die
Symptoms of a stroke:
Sensory and motor impairment - hemiparesis
- (weakened, inability to move), paresis (sensation loss), paralysis
Vision impairment
- (spatial neglect)
Expressive and receptive aphasia
- (communication lack, usually verbal)
Apraxia
- Lack of coordination
Frontal lobe damage can cause:
can result in apathy, easy frustration, impaired cognitive functions
