Week 05 - Breast and Prostate Cancer Flashcards
Two step process of cancers….
- Development/initiation
2. Progression/proliferation
Cancer is influenced by two main factors… explain them..
- Exogenous factors (environmental, e.a. pollution)
- Endogenous factors (physiological, eg insulin resistance, obesity, weak immune).
Cancerous tumour vs benign?
Cancerous tumour can metastasis (unlike benign) which means it can move (via circulation) as it continues to grow = can develop second tumours/spread.
Malignant - moves/spreads
How much of the risk factor of cancer is due to genetics?
Quite little (6-8%)
Avoidable risk factors: Environmental and lifestyle (6)
- Lack of physical activity
- Poor diet
- Being overweight/obese
- Drinking alcohol
- Radiation to the chest
- Combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
- prescribed for menopause, oestrogen enhancing for bone density
Study analysing mice with exercise vs chemotherapy found what???
- Half the mice performed exercise (running with wheels)
- Exercise + chemo did best = smallest tumour
- Exercise suppressed tumour to similar extend just chemo did
What is the exercise prescription for cancer patients?
General exercise guidelines (150-300 mins moderate or 75-150 mins of vigorous) EXCEPT must consider additional factors like:
- bone moss
- lymphedema
- peripheral neuropathy
- Ostomy
- sun safety, symptoms, older adults
What does the COSA 2018 Position statement say about exercise and cancer?
Exercise should be a standard practice for cancer patients (as per recommended guidelines AND 2-3 RT sessions)
Stage 0 of breast cancer refers to …?
pre-invasive/non-invasive
Treatments for Breast Cancer
- Surgery
- Chemotherapy
- Radiotherapy
- Immunotherapy
- Hormonal Therapy (Taxofifen/Aromatase inhibitors)
Modified Radical Mastectomy…?
Non removing pec muscle, but full breast tissue
Lumpectomy is…?
Just removing lump/tumour, not whole breast
Explain chemotherapy
- Systemic treatment; injection of cytotoxic agents to kill cells
- Usually used in those with probability of metastases
- Kills all cells: normal cells believed to recover faster than cancerous cells
What are acute side effects of chemo?
•Fatigue, nausea, anaemia, hair loss, neuropathy, pain, “chemo brain”, psychological effects (depression, anxiety, etc.)
What are chronic side effects of chemo?
- Fatigue, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary fibrosis, neuropathy, bone loss, leukaemia, menopause, weight change, “chemo brain”, psychological effects
- Organs at risk: heart, lungs, brain/nerves
Radiotherapy is…
- Localising treatment
- Ionising radiation to the site
- Targets and destroys DNA
Immunotherapy is…
- Systemic
- Stimulates the immune system (i.e. NK T-cells) to attack malignant cells
- Usually oral or IV administered
Hormonal Therapy types…
- Tamoxifen
- Estrogen receptors blocker
- May be prescribed in breast cancer patients with oestrogen tumours
- Aromatase inhibitors
- Block oestrogen production
Hormonal therapy (aromatase inhibitors, tamoxifen) side effects?
- heart attack, angina
- bone loss
- joint pain
- mood swings
- blood clots
- stroke
- cataracts
- endometrial cancer
What is the consensus around lymphedema and upper body exercise?
In 2001 National Lymphedema Network rejected upper body exercise for lymphedema, in 2011 updated to encourage UB training (as per evidence)
- Lower risk of lymphedema with exercise in breast cancer
Treatments for Prostate Cancer
- No intervention
- Surgery: prostatectomy
- Radiotherapy
- Hormonal Therapy: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)
Side Effects of ADT:
- Bone wasting
- Muscle wasting
- Fatigue
- Breast development
- Hot flushes
- Low libido
- Fat gain
- Insulin resistance
- CVD
- Dementia/alzheimers disease
- Depression
Evidence shows what muscle mass with exercise vs non exercise prostate cancer groups?
Muscle mass declined LESS in exercise group
