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ATP > weather > Flashcards

weather Flashcards

1
Q

standard lapse rate

A

troposphere to 36K’ (temperature constant 36-80K’)
-2°C per 1000’ ↑
-1” pressure (in mercury Hg) per 1000” ↑

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2
Q

inches of mercury at sea level

A

29.92

where altimeter settings come from

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3
Q

international standard atmosphere

A

temperature
15C
59F

pressure
14.69 PSI
29.92 in Hg
1013.25 milibar
101.325 kPa
1 atm

density
1.225 kg/m3

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4
Q

anti-cyclonic circulation

A

because of coriolis effect

using right arm (elbow) as a device to remember
high pressure air moves
clockwise
outward
downward

cyclonic:
low
counter clockwise
inward
upward

use this to predict tailwinds

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5
Q

convective forces

A

turbulence from:
updrafts at barren places

downdrafts at water or expansive vegetation

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6
Q

turbulence

A

erratic changes in attitude and/or altitude
eddies and vertical currents

mechanical
lower levels of atmosphere
caused by air experiencing friction due to ground objects

clear air turbulence
most common above ≈15K’
usually jet streams
more in winter

thermal (convective)
uneven heating of earth

frontal
friction 2 opposing air masses
can be severe
commonly associated cold fronts

chop V turbulence
chop = rapid and somewhat rhythmic bumpiness

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7
Q

levels of turbulence

A

light
momentarily causes slight, erratic changes in altitude and/or attitude (pitch, roll, yaw)

moderate
changes in altitude and/or attitude occur but the aircraft remains in positive control at all times. it usually causes variations in indicated airspeed

severe
causes large abrupt changes in altitude and/or attitude. it usually causes large variations in indicated airspeed. aircraft may be momentarily out of control.

extreme
aircraft is violently tossed about and is practically impossible to control. it may cause structural damage.

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8
Q

reporting turbulence rate

A

occasional <1/3 time

intermittent 1/3-2/3 time

continuous >2/3 time

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9
Q

wind sheer

A

sudden drastic change in wind speed or direction over a small area

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10
Q

microburst

A

most severe wind sheer
parcel of air plummets to ground @ high speed
wet (southeast US) and dry (west US)

1-2 miles
5-15 minutes
loss of 6000’ per minute
can experience headwind loss of 30-90 knots

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11
Q

adiabatic heating and cooling

A

increasing or decreasing heat through change in pressure (volume compression/expansion)

no heat is actually exchanged

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12
Q

most unstable air

A

moist warm air

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13
Q

“types” of icing

A

induction
interferes with engine performance.
in air intake system or farm as carburetor icing. reduces available air available for combustion.

instrument
icing on instruments interfering with data aquisition

structural
*clear - slow freeze along body. most dangerous cause hard to see
*rime - immediate freeze. leading edges
*mixed
-light accumulation over the wings
—reduce lift 30%
—increase drag 40%
-larger accretions
—reduce lift even more (? how much)
—increase drag 80%
-stall at higher air speeds and lower AOA

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14
Q

types of fog

A

radiation fog
temperature meets dew point overnight as ground temperature drops. more likely if rained previous night. little to no wind needed to occur.

advection fog
needs wind. warm, moist air moves over cold surface. too much wind and will rise to form stratus clouds.

upslope fog
like advection fog. needs wind. blown up hills.

steam fog
cold air moves over warmer water. fog forms from the water. if flown through, icing and low level turbulence can occur.

ice fog
very cold weather (below freezing). evaporating water forms directly into ice crystals. little to no wind needed.

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15
Q

ceiling

A

SKC - clear

FEW - >0 to 2/8

SCT - scattered - 3/8 to 4/8 clouds

BKN - broken - 5/8 to 7/8 clouds

OVC - overcast 8/8 clouds

CB - cumulonimbus when present

TCU - towering cumulonimbus when present

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16
Q

? what is a cloud

A

air is cooled and water vapor in atmosphere is saturated and attaches to particles (condensation nuclei). allows vapor to be seen.

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17
Q

cloud types

A

cumulous

stratus

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18
Q

cloud designations

A

cirrus - clouds in high atmosphere

alto - clouds in middle of atmosphere

low clouds are combination of stratus, cumulous, and nimbus

nimbus (latin for rain)

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19
Q

types of clouds at AGLs

A

0-6500’ -
stratus,
stratocumulous,
nimbostratus,
fog

6500’-20K’ -
altostratus (moderate turbulence and icing), altocumulous [altostratus breaking up - usually (light turbulence and icing)]

20K’+ - cirrostratus,
cirrocumulous,
cirrus

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20
Q

other types of clouds

A

castellanus - look like castles

fracto - looks like braille

lenticularus - over mountains, lens shaped, very strong winds!

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21
Q

most hazardout clouds

A

towering cumulonimbus because of thunderstorms

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22
Q

for a storm to form

A

sufficient water vapor
unstable lapse rate (temperature and pressure)
initial uplifting force

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23
Q

phases of thunderstorm

A

cumulous (developing) phase
-3 to 5 mile height
-lifting action begins
-clouds build in height, moisture, instability

mature phase
-5 to 10 mile height
-rain within about 15 minutes
-both warm air updrafts and cold air downdrafts

dissipating phase
-5 to 7 mile height
-vertical motion slows down
-downdrafts replace previous updrafts

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24
Q

distance to keep from thunderstorms

A

20 nautical miles

do not fly under or over in little planes

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25
Q

squall line

A

narrow thunderstorm

usually moist unstable air from cold front but can be separate from any front

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26
Q

turbulence distance from storm

A

up to 20 miles away

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27
Q

supercooled water

A

between 0°C and -15°C. freezes on impact with plane

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28
Q

hail distance from thunderstorm

A

up to 20 miles. can be encountered several miles away

29
Q

altitude discrepancy in altimeter from thunderstorm

A

up to 100’. adjust altimeter!

30
Q

air masses

A

polar or tropic based depending on origin and moisture content

maritime polar (mP)
-cool, humid

continental polar (cP)
-cold, dry

maritime tropical (mT)
-warm, humid

continental tropical (cT)
-hot, dry

what surface?
warm surface = warm from below = rising air = convective currents
-unstable air, good visibility, cumulous clouds, turbulence

cold surface = smoke and particles unable to rise
-poor visibility

stable air mass = low stratus and fog

31
Q

types of fronts

A

warm
-warm air replaces cold air
-10 to 25 MPH
-typically high humidity
-warm air lift up then drop in temperature
-cirriform or stratiform cloud in front. fog. thunderstorms in summer
-poor visibility. rain. sleet. drizzle
-pressure continues to fall as it passes

cold
-cold air replacing warm air
-25 to 30 MPH. up to 60 MPH.
-stay close to ground and wedge under warm air as it replaces it.
-ascends rapidly
-temperature drops suddenly
-cirriform or cumulonimbus or towering cumulous
-poor visibility, tornadoes, heavy rain, thunderstorms

occluded
-faster moving cold front catches up to slower warm front and catches the cold part of the warm front thus cutting off warm air from ground
-cumulonimbus and towering cumulous

stationary
-relatively equal meeting of air masses (?in what way equal)
-effect weather for days
-type of weather is like both warm and cold fronts

32
Q

types of occluded fronts

A

cold occlusion
cold air coming in is colder than cold air it’s catching up to and so goes under it

warm occlusion
cold air coming in is warmer than cold air it’s catching up to and so goes on top of it

33
Q

icing danger zone

A

5°C to -20°C

34
Q

size of water droplets in regards to type of icing and where it tends to accumulate

A

rime
small. leading edge.
in colder temperatures where less liquid present in air.

clear
large. freeze further back because of size.
warmer temperatures. more liquid content in air.

35
Q

anti-icing

A

ethylene-glycol blend
jets and turboprop. lowers freezing point of water

weeping wing
glycol based fluid through tiny holes

engine bleed air

36
Q

de-icing

A

de-icing boots
pneumatic system to break up accumulated ice

engine bleed air

pitot heat
on ATP small planes
turn on when flying below 10°C and in moist conditions

37
Q

ICEDD

A

instruments
protect with pitot heat

change something
by turning, climbing, or descending

evaluate the engine.
is there induction icing? if no loss of power or addition of roughness, do not turn on carburetor heat.

de-ice and defrost
as available. in ATP aircraft turn on window defrost

declare an emergency
any icing is an emergency in ATP aircraft

38
Q

isobar

A

line depicting line of equal or constant pressure. tells about pressure gradient force.

39
Q

pressure gradient force

A

rate of change in barometric pressure over a given distance. measured by space between isobars.

intervals of 4 millibars.

40
Q

which pressure systems are associated with good weather? bad weather?

A

good - high
heavy dry air with light wind

bad - low (also low visability)

41
Q

stand pressure at sea level values

A

29.92” mercury

1013.2 millibars of mercury

on chart will see value times 100 (for no good reason 😠)

42
Q

winds and temperatures aloft

A

abbreviated FB for some fucking reason

issued 4 times daily

43
Q

dBZ

A

decibel relative to zulu

higher value means more likely precipitation

44
Q

types of satellite imagry

A

visible
what can you see from space with your eyeballs
displays reflected sunlight from the earth’s surface, clouds, and particulate matter
only available daytime

infrared
colorized by temperature
clouds = blue
fog = darker areas
-strong thunderstorms have cold tops
-available 24 hours

water vapor
quantity of water vapor
generally located between 10,000’MSL and flight level 390

45
Q

GFA

A

graphical forecast for aviation

for en route phase of flight and for locations without TAF (terminal area forecast)

last 6 hours and up to 15 hours in the future

46
Q

types of weather information

A

observations
raw weather data gathered by sensors
what’s happening now

analyses
enhanced depiction or interpretation of observed weather data

forecasts
predictions of weather development and movement based on observations and mathematical models

47
Q

ATIS

A

automated terminal information service

in flight weather observation usually only found at towered airports

48
Q

ATIS structure

A
  1. airport/ facility name
  2. phonetic letter code (IG “information whiskey”)
  3. time of latest sequence (in zulu AKA UTC)
  4. weather information
    a) wind direction and velocity
    b) visibility
    c) obstructions to vision
    d) present weather
    -sky condition
    -temperature
    -dew point
    -altimeter
    -density altitude advisory (when appropriate)
    -other remarks in official weather observation
    -always include remarks of lightning, cumulonimbus, and towering cumulous

recorded hourly by an air traffic controller

49
Q

ASOS

A

automated surface observation system

in flight weather provided by national weather service providing current weather information

primarily found at uncontrolled airports

prided minute by minute. does not give out NOTAM or other information because rarely has human observer (computer generated)

receivable from maximum of 25NM and 10K AGL from observation site

50
Q

AWOS

A

automated weather observation system (for in flight)

similar to ASOS but owned by state or airport

some have ability to add voice information to the broadcast - like NOTAMs

on sectional, the number next to AWOS is complexity of system.

receivable from maximum of 25NM and 10K AGL from observation site

51
Q

METAR

A

for flight planning

aviation routine weather report

issued hourly unless significant weather changes have occurred. SPECI (special METAR) issued in that case

52
Q

METAR example

KFXE 121253Z AUTO 05011G15K 10SM CLR 26/16 A3011RMK A02 SLP200 T02610156

A

original
KFXE 121253Z AUTO 05011G15K 10SM CLR 26/16 A3011RMK A02 SLP200 T02610156

with my notes
KFXE (airport) 12(date)1253Z(time UTC) AUTO (automatically generated) 050(direction)11G15K(velocity then gust) 10SM(visibility in stature miles) CLR (ceiling type) 26/16(temperature and dewpoint) A3011(altimeter) RMK(remarks) A02(automated station has precipitation discriminator) SLP200(sea level pressure is 1020.0 millibars) T0261(hourly temperature is 26.1°C)0156(dewpoint is 15.6°C)

53
Q

METAR example

KDEN 121253Z 25003KT 1 1/4SM BR OVC004 05/04 A2998 RMK A02 SFC VIS 2 1/2 SLP125 T00510039

A

original
KDEN 121253Z 25003KT 1 1/4SM BR OVC004 05/04 A2998 RMK A02 SFC VIS 2 1/2 SLP125 T00510039

with my notes
KDEN(airport) 12(date)1253Z(time UTC) 250(direction)03KT(wind speed) 1 1/4SM(visibility in statute miles) BR(ceiling type is mist) OVC004(overcast at 400’) 05/04(temperature 5°C/dewpoint 4°C) A2998(altimeter) RMK A02(automated station has precipitation discriminator) SFC VIS 2 1/2(surface visibility is 2.5 statute miles) SLP125(sea level pressure is 1012.5 millibars) T0051(hourly temperature is 5.1°C)0039(dewpoint is 3.9°C)

54
Q

PIREP

A

pilot report

of weather

55
Q

PIREP example

DAB UA /OV DAB 220005/TM 1725/FL013/TP P28A/SK SCT016/WX 10SM

A

original
DAB UA /OV DAB 220005/TM 1725/FL013/TP P28A/SK SCT016/WX 10SM

with my notes
DAB UA(indicates routine report - UUA would be urgent) /OV DAB(observed over datona beach VOR) 220005(5 miles off 220 radial)/TM 1725(time of observation)/FL013(flight level 1300’AGL)/TP P28A(type of aircraft)/SK SCT016(sky condition is scattered at 1600’AGL)/WX 10SM(visibility is 10 SM)

56
Q

TAF

A

terminal aerodrome forecast

forecast of expected meteorological condition s significant to aviation

written by national weather service
5 SM radius
valid for specified time (24 or 30 hours)

usually for larger airports

updated at:
00:00Z
06:00Z
12:00Z
18:00Z

57
Q

TAF example

KLCH 091736Z 0918/1018 04035G45KT 2SM +RA OVO008

A

KLCH(airport) 09(date)1736Z(time UTC) 0918/1018(validity period - IG 9th day 18:00 to 10th day 18:00) 040(diection of wind)35G45KT(speed and gust) 2SM(visibility is 2 stature miles) +RA(heavy rain) OVO008(ceiling overcast at 800’AGL)

58
Q

textual winds aloft example

1406+16

A

1406+16

with my notes
14(from direction 140)06(wind speed in knots)+16(temperature in °C)

59
Q

textual winds aloft 9900

A

code for windspeed under 5 knots

is read as “light and variable”

60
Q

AIRMET

A

airmen’s meteorological information

issued for weather that may affect safety
warm for potentially hazardous en route conditions

cover wide areas

mostly for light aircraft and pilots without instrument rating

for things like:
moderate turbulence
icing and freezing levels
IFR conditions
mountain obscuration

published every 6 hours by aviation weather center

61
Q

types of AIRMETs

A

AIRMET sierra
mountain obscuration and/or ceilings less than 1000’ and/or 3 miles over a wide area

AIRMET tango
moderate turbulence or sustained winds of ≥30 knots

AIRMET zulu
moderate freezing and freezing levels

62
Q

SIGMET

A

significant meteorological information

indication of non-convective (not caused by thunderstorms) weather potentially hazardous to all aircraft

like AIRMETs, cover certain zones in state

severe icing
severe or extreme turbulence
dust storms or sand storms
volcanic ash

63
Q

SIGMET categories

A

convective
associated with a thunderstorm
-severe thunderstorms with surface winds >50knots
-hail ≥¾” diameter
-tornadoes
embedded thunderstorms, lines of thunderstorms, or thunderstorms with heavy or greater precipitation that affect 40% or more of 3000 square mile or greater region
*any convective SIGMET implies severe or greater turbulence, severe icing, and low-level wind sheer
*valid for 2 hours

non-convective
(see SIGMET card)
valid for 4 hours

64
Q

AFD

A

aviation forecast discussion
issued by each WFO (weather service forecast office) to describe weather conditions within their region as it relates to the creation of the TAF.

useful for addition information that can’t eb encoded into TAF. gives reason behind forecast

65
Q

fahrenheit to celcius

A

00 ≈ -17.8
10 ≈ -12.2
20 ≈ -6.7
30 ≈ -1.1
40 ≈ 4.4
50 = 10
60 ≈ 15.6
70 ≈ 21.1
80 ≈ 26.6
90 ≈ 32.2
100 ≈ 37.7

66
Q

precipitation static

A

AKA P-static happens as plane flies through the air and hits uncharged particles, negtive part of particle gets stuck to skin. when it builds up enough it will discharge.

67
Q

what is tropopause

A

tropospere’s hat

traps moisture and weather

associated with jetstream and clear air turbulence

68
Q

coriolis force

A

rotation of earth pulls objects to the R in N hemisphere and L and southern

traveling air or planes will have curved trajectory

will make high pressure air circulate clockwise, inward, up
low pressure circulate anti-clockwise, outward, down

  • use right elbow trick to remember

ATP (9 decks)

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