WBCs and Neoplasia Ch 12 & 40

Question 1

WBC lines from bone marrow stem cells

Answer 1

Myeloid Line

Lymphoid Line

Question 2

Myeloid Lines

Answer 2

• Erythroblast
• Megakaryoblast
• Myeloblast
• Monoblast

Question 3

Erythroblast line differentiates into:

Answer 3

Reticulocytes then Erythrocytes (Red Blood cells)

Question 4

Megakaryoblast line differentiates into

Answer 4

Megakaryocytes then thrombocytes (Platelets)

Question 5

Myeloblast line differentiates into

Answer 5

Basophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils, Neutrophils into Bands (immature) and Segs

Question 6

WBC normal range

Answer 6

4000-11000
>11000 = leukocytosis
<4000 = leukopenia

Question 7

Neutrophils Range

Answer 7

1500-7700
>7700 = neutrophilia
<1500 = neutropenia

Question 8

Neutrophilia caused by:

Answer 8

• Infection
• Inflammation
• Malignancy
• Smoking
• Stress
• Drugs
• –Glucocorticoids, lithium, epinephrine (think RAAS)
• –Steroids elevate WBC count

Question 9

Neutropenia caused by:

Answer 9

• deficiency in bone marrow (most common cause)
• viral infection
• Drugs
• –allopurinol, tegretol, NOTABLY chemo drugs
• We use reverse Isolation precautions

Question 10

Hematologic Neoplasms are

Answer 10

Lymphomas and Leukemias that affect blood, bone, and lymph

Question 11

Lymphomas Informatics

Answer 11

More common than leukemias
Too many lymphoblasts
Abnormal proliferation of B/T lymphocytes
Typically develop in lymph nodes but can be in any lymph tissue
Starts in immune system and affects lymph nodes/lymphocytes
Severity is based on origin and how quickly it progresses

Question 12

Leukemias Informatic

Answer 12

Develop in precursors stem cells from bone marrow from a specific blast line
Cells are in immature form, blasts.
• Proliferate but do not turn into mature cells
Cancer of developing WBC within bone marrow

Question 13

Signs and Symptoms of Lymphomas or Leukemias

Answer 13

	Anything related to bone marrow suppression
	Low RBC (anemia)
	Low WBC (leukopenia)
	Low platelets (thrombocytopenia)
	Enlarged lymph nodes
	Bruising
	Fatigue
	Malaise

Question 14

Cancerous Neoplasms are what and do what

Answer 14

abnormal mass of tissue that grows in an uncoordinated manner and proliferates
-they compete for space, blood supply, oxygen and nutrition

Question 15

Cancerous neoplasm looks

Answer 15

distinctly different than normal cells

• non-uniform
• disorganized
• misshapen
• fails to function like normal cells

Question 16

Diagnosis of cancer relies on what

Answer 16

biopsies and analysis of tissue

Question 17

Benign Tumors

Answer 17

• well differentiated
• remain localized
• cohesive
• well-demarcated from surrounding tissue
• not invasive
• does not travel

Question 18

Malignant Tumors

Answer 18

• goes from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated
• invasive and destructive to surrounding tissue
• lacks adhesion to tumor mass and can break away easily (metastasis)
• travels via lymphatic system or bloodstream

Question 19

Gleason Grading Scale

Answer 19

• the poorer the differentiation, the worse the prognosis
• 1: well differentiated
• 2: moderately differentiated
• 3: poorly differentiated or anaplastic

Question 20

Differentiation means

Answer 20

how much or how little the tumor tissue looks like the normal tissue it comes from

Question 21

Differentiation - Alex’s definition

Answer 21

refers to the extent that neoplastic cells resemble normal cells both structurally and functionally

Question 22

Anaplasia Definition

Answer 22

Lack of differentiation, a term that indicates total cellular disorganization, abnormal cell appearance, and cell dysfunction

Question 23

TNM Staging

Answer 23

T = Tumor Size
N = Lymph Node Involvement
M = Metastasis

Question 24

All cancers originate from:

Answer 24

a change in DNA

Question 25

Cancer can be ____ or ____ (____)

Answer 25

hereditary or sporadic (acquired during the person's lifetime)

Question 26

Two major classes of cancer genes

Answer 26

- Tumor Suppressor Gene (TP53) | - oncogenes

Question 27

Tumor Suppressor Gene is called

Answer 27

"the guardian of the genome"

Question 28

Tumor suppressor gene does what

Answer 28

- normally functions to restrain cell growth - can become defective and lose ability to inhibit cell growth/division and allowing cancer formation - TP53 gene, most common, controls cell apoptosis

Question 29

Damaged DNA>Defective TP53 gene =

Answer 29

defective cells still proliferate unchecked and progress to malignancy

Question 30

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 30

- stimulate and regulate cell movement through the cell cycle - results in cell growth and proliferation (normal) - when mutated, the become oncogenes that stimulate constant, unrelenting cell proliferation and cycling

Question 31

VEGF

Answer 31

vascular endothelial growth factor

Question 32

VEGF does what

Answer 32

allows metastasized cells to make their own blood vessels to integrate into our blood vessels

Question 33

Metastasized cells do what

Answer 33

- cells penetrate through basement membrane and move through lymph and blood to other locations - cells embed where nutrients are (blood supply, oxygen) - secretes VEGF to develop its own blood vessels to integrate in ours

Question 34

Paraneoplastic syndrome

Answer 34

-a syndrome that is a consequence of cancer in the body (the signs and symptoms)

Question 35

Paraneoplastic syndrome is due to what

Answer 35

production of chemical signal molecules, such as hormones or cytokines by tumor cells or an immune response against the tumor

Question 36

A common Neoplastic Syndrome involves

Answer 36

involves secretion of endocrine hormones unrelated to the cancer tumor

Question 37

Cancer cachexia characterized by

Answer 37

-a wasting syndrome characterized by weight loss, anorexia, asthenia, and anemia

Question 38

asthenia

Answer 38

abnormal physical weakness or lack of energy

Question 39

Cancer cachexia pathogenicity

Answer 39

multifactorial due to complex interaction of tumor and host factors

Question 40

Cancer cachexia symptoms

Answer 40

weight loss, muscle loss, lack of appetite, fatigue, anemia

Question 41

Theorized cause of cancer cachexia

Answer 41

originates with cytokines and mediators released by white blood cells attacking the tumor

Question 42

Tumor cell markers are what

Answer 42

products of cancer cells such as hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, or antibodies that are found in blood, spinal fluid, or urine

Question 43

Some Tumor cell markers are called what and why

Answer 43

oncofetal antigens because they are normally found during fetal development

Question 44

Main Tumor Markers

Answer 44

``` CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) -overall tumor marker AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) CA125 -overall tumor marker PSA (prostate surface antigen) ```

Question 45

Prostate Surface Antigen is associated with what type of cancer?

Answer 45

Prostate

Question 46

Overall Tumor Markers

Answer 46

CEA and CA125

Question 47

CEA is in what kinds of cancers?

Answer 47

- Lung - Breast - Pancreas - Colon - Ovarian

Question 48

AFP is a marker specific to what cancers?

Answer 48

Liver Cancer | Testicular Cancer

Question 49

CA125 is a marker specific to what cancers?

Answer 49

- Lung Cancer - Breast Cancer - Pancreas Cancer - Ovarian Cancer

Question 50

Cell Cycle Stages in order?

Answer 50

G0, G1, S, G2, M

Question 51

Leukemoid Reaction

Answer 51

>50,000 myeloblasts