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NRS 232 Pathophysiological Processes - MHCC > WBCs and Neoplasia Ch 12 & 40 > Flashcards

WBCs and Neoplasia Ch 12 & 40 Flashcards

1
Q

WBC lines from bone marrow stem cells

A

Myeloid Line

Lymphoid Line

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2
Q

Myeloid Lines

A
  • Erythroblast
  • Megakaryoblast
  • Myeloblast
  • Monoblast
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3
Q

Erythroblast line differentiates into:

A

Reticulocytes then Erythrocytes (Red Blood cells)

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4
Q

Megakaryoblast line differentiates into

A

Megakaryocytes then thrombocytes (Platelets)

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5
Q

Myeloblast line differentiates into

A

Basophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils, Neutrophils into Bands (immature) and Segs

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6
Q

WBC normal range

A

4000-11000
>11000 = leukocytosis
<4000 = leukopenia

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7
Q

Neutrophils Range

A

1500-7700
>7700 = neutrophilia
<1500 = neutropenia

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8
Q

Neutrophilia caused by:

A
  • Infection
  • Inflammation
  • Malignancy
  • Smoking
  • Stress
  • Drugs
  • –Glucocorticoids, lithium, epinephrine (think RAAS)
  • –Steroids elevate WBC count
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9
Q

Neutropenia caused by:

A
  • deficiency in bone marrow (most common cause)
  • viral infection
  • Drugs
  • –allopurinol, tegretol, NOTABLY chemo drugs
  • We use reverse Isolation precautions
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10
Q

Hematologic Neoplasms are

A

Lymphomas and Leukemias that affect blood, bone, and lymph

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11
Q

Lymphomas Informatics

A

More common than leukemias
Too many lymphoblasts
Abnormal proliferation of B/T lymphocytes
Typically develop in lymph nodes but can be in any lymph tissue
Starts in immune system and affects lymph nodes/lymphocytes
Severity is based on origin and how quickly it progresses

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12
Q

Leukemias Informatic

A

Develop in precursors stem cells from bone marrow from a specific blast line
Cells are in immature form, blasts.
• Proliferate but do not turn into mature cells
Cancer of developing WBC within bone marrow

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13
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Lymphomas or Leukemias

A 
	Anything related to bone marrow suppression
	Low RBC (anemia)
	Low WBC (leukopenia)
	Low platelets (thrombocytopenia)
	Enlarged lymph nodes
	Bruising
	Fatigue
	Malaise
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14
Q

Cancerous Neoplasms are what and do what

A

abnormal mass of tissue that grows in an uncoordinated manner and proliferates
-they compete for space, blood supply, oxygen and nutrition

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15
Q

Cancerous neoplasm looks

A

distinctly different than normal cells

  • non-uniform
  • disorganized
  • misshapen
  • fails to function like normal cells
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16
Q

Diagnosis of cancer relies on what

A

biopsies and analysis of tissue

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17
Q

Benign Tumors

A
  • well differentiated
  • remain localized
  • cohesive
  • well-demarcated from surrounding tissue
  • not invasive
  • does not travel
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18
Q

Malignant Tumors

A
  • goes from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated
  • invasive and destructive to surrounding tissue
  • lacks adhesion to tumor mass and can break away easily (metastasis)
  • travels via lymphatic system or bloodstream
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19
Q

Gleason Grading Scale

A
  • the poorer the differentiation, the worse the prognosis
  • 1: well differentiated
  • 2: moderately differentiated
  • 3: poorly differentiated or anaplastic
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20
Q

Differentiation means

A

how much or how little the tumor tissue looks like the normal tissue it comes from

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21
Q

Differentiation - Alex’s definition

A

refers to the extent that neoplastic cells resemble normal cells both structurally and functionally

22
Q

Anaplasia Definition

A

Lack of differentiation, a term that indicates total cellular disorganization, abnormal cell appearance, and cell dysfunction

23
Q

TNM Staging

A 
T = Tumor Size
N = Lymph Node Involvement
M = Metastasis
24
Q

All cancers originate from:

A

a change in DNA

25
Q

Cancer can be ____ or ____ (____)

A

hereditary or sporadic (acquired during the person’s lifetime)

26
Q

Two major classes of cancer genes

A
  • Tumor Suppressor Gene (TP53)

- oncogenes

27
Q

Tumor Suppressor Gene is called

A

“the guardian of the genome”

28
Q

Tumor suppressor gene does what

A
  • normally functions to restrain cell growth
  • can become defective and lose ability to inhibit cell growth/division and allowing cancer formation
  • TP53 gene, most common, controls cell apoptosis
29
Q

Damaged DNA>Defective TP53 gene =

A

defective cells still proliferate unchecked and progress to malignancy

30
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A
  • stimulate and regulate cell movement through the cell cycle
  • results in cell growth and proliferation (normal)
  • when mutated, the become oncogenes that stimulate constant, unrelenting cell proliferation and cycling
31
Q

VEGF

A

vascular endothelial growth factor

32
Q

VEGF does what

A

allows metastasized cells to make their own blood vessels to integrate into our blood vessels

33
Q

Metastasized cells do what

A
  • cells penetrate through basement membrane and move through lymph and blood to other locations
  • cells embed where nutrients are (blood supply, oxygen)
  • secretes VEGF to develop its own blood vessels to integrate in ours
34
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome

A

-a syndrome that is a consequence of cancer in the body (the signs and symptoms)

35
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome is due to what

A

production of chemical signal molecules, such as hormones or cytokines by tumor cells or an immune response against the tumor

36
Q

A common Neoplastic Syndrome involves

A

involves secretion of endocrine hormones unrelated to the cancer tumor

37
Q

Cancer cachexia characterized by

A

-a wasting syndrome characterized by weight loss, anorexia, asthenia, and anemia

38
Q

asthenia

A

abnormal physical weakness or lack of energy

39
Q

Cancer cachexia pathogenicity

A

multifactorial due to complex interaction of tumor and host factors

40
Q

Cancer cachexia symptoms

A

weight loss, muscle loss, lack of appetite, fatigue, anemia

41
Q

Theorized cause of cancer cachexia

A

originates with cytokines and mediators released by white blood cells attacking the tumor

42
Q

Tumor cell markers are what

A

products of cancer cells such as hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, or antibodies that are found in blood, spinal fluid, or urine

43
Q

Some Tumor cell markers are called what and why

A

oncofetal antigens because they are normally found during fetal development

44
Q

Main Tumor Markers

A 
CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)
-overall tumor marker
AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)
CA125
-overall tumor marker
PSA (prostate surface antigen)
45
Q

Prostate Surface Antigen is associated with what type of cancer?

A

Prostate

46
Q

Overall Tumor Markers

A

CEA and CA125

47
Q

CEA is in what kinds of cancers?

A
  • Lung
  • Breast
  • Pancreas
  • Colon
  • Ovarian
48
Q

AFP is a marker specific to what cancers?

A

Liver Cancer

Testicular Cancer

49
Q

CA125 is a marker specific to what cancers?

A
  • Lung Cancer
  • Breast Cancer
  • Pancreas Cancer
  • Ovarian Cancer
50
Q

Cell Cycle Stages in order?

A

G0, G1, S, G2, M

51
Q

Leukemoid Reaction

A

> 50,000 myeloblasts

NRS 232 Pathophysiological Processes - MHCC (11 decks)

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