CH 4 Stress, Exercise, and Immobility Flashcards
Eustress
describes stress that stimulates a person positively (ex: job promotion)
Distress
describes stress that evokes negative feelings and adverse reactions
Selye’s Stress Response Theory - a stressor is…
a challenging demand in the body that arouses a response from multiple organ systems, can be positive or negative, with the potential to cause adverse health effects
Adaptive Ability
the way a person manages the stress and reduces the stressor’s effect on his or her life, dependent on the individual s coping mechanisms and conditioning factors
Coping Mechanisms
the emotional and behavioral responses to manage threats to physiological and psychological homeostasis
Homeostasis
the condition of equilibrium when various physiological parameters are met
general adaptation syndrome
adaptive reaction, theorized by Selye, analyzing the body’s reaction to stress of any kind
Three stages of Selye’s Theory
Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
Alarm Stage is stimulated by what system
Sympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System knon as what
adrenergic
Sympathetic Nervous System releases what hormone in response to the alarm stage
norepinephrine
Alarm response to norepinephrine
- increases alertness
- stimulates cardiorespiratory and vascular responses.
- causes vasoconstriction of the arterial blood vessels that bring blood to the heart muscle, lungs, and skeletal muscles.
- Heart and respiratory rate increase
- Decreased circulation of the hands and feet create cold, clammy extremities.
- Sweat gland activity increases to disperse excess heat generated by a surge in energy.
- pupils dilate, increases visual acuity,
- bronchioles dilate to enhance respiratory capacity.
- Blood flow to the gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary systems diminishes , slowing activity in these areas.
Fight or Flight
Described by Walter B. Cannon, the basic survival response to an acute, severe stressor that incites involuntary neuroendocrine physiological changes
Alarm stage, hypothalamus secretes what hormone, which does what
corticotrophin-releasing factor, stimulates the ANTERIOR pituitary to release ACTH and the POSTERIOR pituitary to release antidiuretic
Alarm stage, ANTERIOR pituitary releases what, to do what
secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), acts on the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
Alarm stage, POSTERIOR pituitary releases what, for what
antidiuretics hormone, to increase water water absorption, and slow down GU system
Adrenal Gland (adrenal cortex) secretes what, for what
cortisol, adrenaline, and aldosterone to stimulate action of changes of the alarm stage, vasoconstriction, etc.
Cortisol, potentiates what in the alarm stage
- raises blood glucose levels
- enhances muscle strength
- enhances immunity, increasing WBC activity
- prolonged stress/heightened cortisol turns into immunosuppression
Alarm stage, adrenal medulla releases what
epinephrine and aldosterone, potentiating the sympathetic response
Alarm stage, aldosterone does what
acts on the kidneys nephrons to increase sodium and water resorption into the bloodstream
Resistance Stage
body is attempting to stave off effects of stress through continual secretion. IF stress subsides SNS and adrenal stimulation slow and activation of parasympathetic causes relaxation
Parasympathetic =Cholinergic
True
Exhaustion stage, what happens
if stress is prolonged, high levels of hormone and catecholamine secretion cannot be sustained. Stress overwhelms the body’s ability to defend itself and signs of systemic dysfunction occur.
Signs of Exhaustion stage
- feeling rundown
- unable to cope
- depressed
- anxious
- physically ill
Allostasis
describes the dynamic state of balance that changes according to exposure to stressors
Prednisone and how long-term affects the body
Prednisone causes feedback to the adrenal gland, which naturally produces cortisol. If adrenal is shut down too long it atrophies and can no longer produce cortisol
