Ch 11 Disorders of the Immune System Flashcards
Antigens
- non-self substances
- targets of the immune system
Innate Immunity is what, in general
- natural mediators/mechanisms that ward off invaders
- First line defense
- Immediate response
Innate immunity is compromised of what
Natural Anatomical Barriers
- White Blood Cells
- Normal bacteria (flora)
- protective enzymes and chemicals
Innate Immunity WBCs
Macrophages
- alveolar macrophages
- NK cells
Innate Immunity Protective Enzymes and chemicals
- interferons
- cytokines
- hydrochloric acid
If the innate immunity is unable to cope, what happens?
-inflammation response starts, then we move to adaptive immunity
To phases of adaptive immunity
Primary phase
Second exposure
Second exposure is also known as what
amnestic response
Specificity is what
the immune response developed after the 2nd exposure
Adaptive immunity Primary phase occurs when, does what
-occurs when host cell is exposed to antigenic invader, proliferation of immunoglobulins to neutralize invader
Adaptive immunity primary phase is marked by what immunoglobulin?
IgM
Adaptive immunity secondary response
response to same antigen initiates secondary immune response, amnestic response, develops specificity
Specificity does what
- act rapidly, specifically, destructively, and with memory for every individual antigen it has encountered
- Allows body to respond to recognized antigen
- Targets antigen
- Limits response to antigen
- Develops memory of antigen for future
MHC is what and does what?
major histocompatibility complexes: HLA - human leukocyte antigen, helps distinguish what is ours from what is not.
Lymphocytes
CD8 - killer cells
B cells - antibody production
Regulatory T cells - keep things in check
CD4 T cell - most abundant T cell in body, helper cell.
Another name for T cell adaptive immunity
cell-mediated immunity
T-Lymphocytes mature in the…
Thymus
After the thymus shrinks, T cells are found in..
the blood stream and the T-cell zones of the lymph nodes
In maturation, T cells develop surface antigens that differentiate them into what cells
CD4 cells and CD8 cells
CD4 cell informatics
-T helper cells
-involved in cell-mediated and
antibody-mediated immunity
-most abundant cells involved in immunity
Most abundant cell in immunity, CD4, influences what other cells?
- Other T cells
- involved in B cell immunity
- B-lymphocytes
- Macrophages
- NK cells
CD8 cell informatics
- cytotoxic cells
- directly attack antigen
- influenced by CD4 cells
- we have 2:1 ratio of CD4:CD8
Antigen presenting cell process
- Also referred to as dendritic cells
- Once dendrite absorbs evil antigen to hold, it is called an antigen presenting cell (APC).
- Cell releases cytokines (part of cellular chemotaxis)
- CD8 directly attacks antigen
More names for B cell adaptive immunity
- humoral immunity
- antibody-mediated immunity
B-lymphocytes mature where?
Bone marrow (most come from here),
spleen,
lymph nodes
B cells are immature until what happens?
They encounter antigens
When a B cell encounters an antigen…
- It matures into plasma
- plasma produces immunoglobulins (antibodies)
Antibody-mediated is ___-long but takes ____to ____
life-long, takes time to develop
IgM
- Primary Ig.
- Marks primary response (first response to antigen).
- IgM antibodies are the first antibodies to be produced in the body in response to an infection.
A positive, high number of IgM may be a sign of what?
A recent and current or very new infection
IgG are part of what response?
“Amnestic Response”: secondary exposure (and subsequent) to same antigen
IgG are commonly found where?
- most common antibody (75-80% of all)
- found in body fluids
IgG fight what and what is the half-life?
Important in fighting bacterial/viral infections.
-Half life is 7-21 days
IgA is associated with what?
Mucosal surfaces
High levels of IgA indicate what?
an autoimmune process
IgA, what Ig shows up first?
IgM first,
followed by IgA on mucosal surfaces or IgG in the serum (blood)
Majority of IgA is found where, list them
Mucous secretions
- breast milk
- saliva
- colostrum
- tears
- respiratory tract secretions
- genitourinary tract secretions
- prostate
IgE production and production locations
- Produced by plasma cells located in lymph nodes draining site of antigen entry
- or locally, at the sites of allergic reactions by plasma cells derived from germinal centers developing within the inflamed tissue.
IgE and allergen
immune system overreacts to an allergen, reaction produced by IgE
IgE and the allergic reaction
These antibodies travel to cells that release histamine, causing an allergic reaction
IgE levels
usually present in very low concentrations in blood, rises to high levels in allergic reaction
IgD found where
- lungs
- skin
- mucus membranes
IgD informatics
- Immunoglobulin D
- Exists in small amounts in blood,
- least understood antibody
- Only 1% of total immunoglobulins
IgD and response
- Rarely released
- Binds to basophils and mast cells in hypersensitivity reactions
- Usually, a tagalong in immune responses
Active Acquired Adaptive Immunity Acquired by what methods?
- Natural exposure to an infectious agent
- Exposure via vaccine
Active Acquired immunity does what after exposure
- Body responds by making it’s own antibodies
- Has to do the work itself
- Reaction endows long term immunity
Passive Acquired Adaptive Immunity Mother to baby and time frame
- placental transfer if IgG from mother to fetus in pregnancy
- -lasts 4-6 months following birth
What immunoglobulins are found in breast milk and colostrum, and what kind of immunity does it give?
IgA and IgG, short term passive acquired immunity
Passive acquired adaptive immunity, medically given, what kind of immunity does it give?
- Given through blood products that contain antibodies like IgG
- fast acting, only lasts a few weeks or months
Vaccines and how they work
- provide active acquired immunity
- Do not make you sick, trick your body into believing it has a disease
What is in a vaccine and process steps of immunity
- vaccine is weakened virus, it has the genes for disease removed.
1. Vaccine is given
2. Immune system identifies the antigens in the vaccine as foreign invaders
3. Body builds specific Ig’s against the antigens
4. Immune system stores these antibodies for future use in case the person is exposed to the disease
Herd Immunity
- Vaccines are given to prevent and eventually wipe out disease. When a vaccine is given to a significant portion of the population, it protects those who receive the vaccine as well as those who cannot receive the vaccine.
- When a high percentage of the population is vaccinated and immune they don’t get sick so there is no one to spread the disease.
- Protects unvaccinated population from contagious diseases that we have a vaccine for.
Hypersensitivity Type 1 is heavy in what immunoglobulin and the Ig does what?
IgE heavy, IgE binds to mast cells and combines with antigen
Type 1 hypersensitivity is what kind, examples
- Hay fever
- pollen allergy
Severe type 1 Hypersensitivity is?
Anaphylaxis
- hives (urticaria)
- bronchospasm
- angioedema (severe facial edema, tongue, lips, eyelids)
- severe hypotension»_space; syncope
Type 2 hypersensitivity example and mediated by what
- mediated by immunoglobulins
- most common reaction is a transfusion reaction
Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction is called what
Immune deposition
What happens in a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction?
Body forms antibodies against itself and causes organ dysfunction
Examples of Type 3 immune reaction
- Systemic Lupus erythematous
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- scleroderma
- Sjorgen’s syndrome
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Reynaud’s Phenomenon
Molecular Mimicry: Rheumatic Heart Disease
Step 1. In this disease, GABHS infects the throat.
Step 2. Streptococcus activates B cells.
Step 3. The B cells transform into plasma cells that secrete antibodies. CD4 cells assist in this reaction.
Step 4. The antibodies destroy the Streptococcus organisms.
**In a small percentage of individuals, the body’s anti-streptococcal antibodies not only attack the strep organisms, they also attack myocardial proteins, specifically cardiac valvular tissue, resulting in heart murmur.
What is Lupus and what is it characterized by?
Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE)
- an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibodies
- particularly antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
- A chronic disease with acute or insidious onset
- characterized by remissions and exacerbations with
- –fever
- –skin rash
- –joint inflammation
- –and damage to kidney, lungs, and serosal membranes
