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NRS 232 Pathophysiological Processes - MHCC > Ch 11 Disorders of the Immune System > Flashcards

Ch 11 Disorders of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Antigens

A
  • non-self substances

- targets of the immune system

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2
Q

Innate Immunity is what, in general

A
  • natural mediators/mechanisms that ward off invaders
  • First line defense
  • Immediate response
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3
Q

Innate immunity is compromised of what

A

Natural Anatomical Barriers

  • White Blood Cells
  • Normal bacteria (flora)
  • protective enzymes and chemicals
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4
Q

Innate Immunity WBCs

A

Macrophages

  • alveolar macrophages
  • NK cells
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5
Q

Innate Immunity Protective Enzymes and chemicals

A
  • interferons
  • cytokines
  • hydrochloric acid
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6
Q

If the innate immunity is unable to cope, what happens?

A

-inflammation response starts, then we move to adaptive immunity

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7
Q

To phases of adaptive immunity

A

Primary phase

Second exposure

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8
Q

Second exposure is also known as what

A

amnestic response

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9
Q

Specificity is what

A

the immune response developed after the 2nd exposure

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10
Q

Adaptive immunity Primary phase occurs when, does what

A

-occurs when host cell is exposed to antigenic invader, proliferation of immunoglobulins to neutralize invader

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11
Q

Adaptive immunity primary phase is marked by what immunoglobulin?

A

IgM

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12
Q

Adaptive immunity secondary response

A

response to same antigen initiates secondary immune response, amnestic response, develops specificity

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13
Q

Specificity does what

A
  • act rapidly, specifically, destructively, and with memory for every individual antigen it has encountered
  • Allows body to respond to recognized antigen
  • Targets antigen
  • Limits response to antigen
  • Develops memory of antigen for future
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14
Q

MHC is what and does what?

A

major histocompatibility complexes: HLA - human leukocyte antigen, helps distinguish what is ours from what is not.

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15
Q

Lymphocytes

A

CD8 - killer cells
B cells - antibody production
Regulatory T cells - keep things in check
CD4 T cell - most abundant T cell in body, helper cell.

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16
Q

Another name for T cell adaptive immunity

A

cell-mediated immunity

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17
Q

T-Lymphocytes mature in the…

A

Thymus

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18
Q

After the thymus shrinks, T cells are found in..

A

the blood stream and the T-cell zones of the lymph nodes

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19
Q

In maturation, T cells develop surface antigens that differentiate them into what cells

A

CD4 cells and CD8 cells

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20
Q

CD4 cell informatics

A

-T helper cells
-involved in cell-mediated and
antibody-mediated immunity
-most abundant cells involved in immunity

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21
Q

Most abundant cell in immunity, CD4, influences what other cells?

A
  • Other T cells
  • involved in B cell immunity
  • B-lymphocytes
  • Macrophages
  • NK cells
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22
Q

CD8 cell informatics

A
  • cytotoxic cells
  • directly attack antigen
  • influenced by CD4 cells
  • we have 2:1 ratio of CD4:CD8
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23
Q

Antigen presenting cell process

A
  • Also referred to as dendritic cells
  • Once dendrite absorbs evil antigen to hold, it is called an antigen presenting cell (APC).
  • Cell releases cytokines (part of cellular chemotaxis)
  • CD8 directly attacks antigen
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24
Q

More names for B cell adaptive immunity

A
  • humoral immunity

- antibody-mediated immunity

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25
Q

B-lymphocytes mature where?

A

Bone marrow (most come from here),
spleen,
lymph nodes

26
Q

B cells are immature until what happens?

A

They encounter antigens

27
Q

When a B cell encounters an antigen…

A
  • It matures into plasma

- plasma produces immunoglobulins (antibodies)

28
Q

Antibody-mediated is ___-long but takes ____to ____

A

life-long, takes time to develop

29
Q

IgM

A
  • Primary Ig.
  • Marks primary response (first response to antigen).
  • IgM antibodies are the first antibodies to be produced in the body in response to an infection.
30
Q

A positive, high number of IgM may be a sign of what?

A

A recent and current or very new infection

31
Q

IgG are part of what response?

A

“Amnestic Response”: secondary exposure (and subsequent) to same antigen

32
Q

IgG are commonly found where?

A
  • most common antibody (75-80% of all)

- found in body fluids

33
Q

IgG fight what and what is the half-life?

A

Important in fighting bacterial/viral infections.

-Half life is 7-21 days

34
Q

IgA is associated with what?

A

Mucosal surfaces

35
Q

High levels of IgA indicate what?

A

an autoimmune process

36
Q

IgA, what Ig shows up first?

A

IgM first,

followed by IgA on mucosal surfaces or IgG in the serum (blood)

37
Q

Majority of IgA is found where, list them

A

Mucous secretions

  • breast milk
  • saliva
  • colostrum
  • tears
  • respiratory tract secretions
  • genitourinary tract secretions
  • prostate
38
Q

IgE production and production locations

A
  • Produced by plasma cells located in lymph nodes draining site of antigen entry
  • or locally, at the sites of allergic reactions by plasma cells derived from germinal centers developing within the inflamed tissue.
39
Q

IgE and allergen

A

immune system overreacts to an allergen, reaction produced by IgE

40
Q

IgE and the allergic reaction

A

These antibodies travel to cells that release histamine, causing an allergic reaction

41
Q

IgE levels

A

usually present in very low concentrations in blood, rises to high levels in allergic reaction

42
Q

IgD found where

A
  • lungs
  • skin
  • mucus membranes
43
Q

IgD informatics

A
  • Immunoglobulin D
  • Exists in small amounts in blood,
  • least understood antibody
  • Only 1% of total immunoglobulins
44
Q

IgD and response

A
  • Rarely released
  • Binds to basophils and mast cells in hypersensitivity reactions
  • Usually, a tagalong in immune responses
45
Q

Active Acquired Adaptive Immunity Acquired by what methods?

A
  • Natural exposure to an infectious agent

- Exposure via vaccine

46
Q

Active Acquired immunity does what after exposure

A
  • Body responds by making it’s own antibodies
  • Has to do the work itself
  • Reaction endows long term immunity
47
Q

Passive Acquired Adaptive Immunity Mother to baby and time frame

A
  • placental transfer if IgG from mother to fetus in pregnancy
  • -lasts 4-6 months following birth
48
Q

What immunoglobulins are found in breast milk and colostrum, and what kind of immunity does it give?

A

IgA and IgG, short term passive acquired immunity

49
Q

Passive acquired adaptive immunity, medically given, what kind of immunity does it give?

A
  • Given through blood products that contain antibodies like IgG
  • fast acting, only lasts a few weeks or months
50
Q

Vaccines and how they work

A
  • provide active acquired immunity

- Do not make you sick, trick your body into believing it has a disease

51
Q

What is in a vaccine and process steps of immunity

A
  • vaccine is weakened virus, it has the genes for disease removed.
    1. Vaccine is given
    2. Immune system identifies the antigens in the vaccine as foreign invaders
    3. Body builds specific Ig’s against the antigens
    4. Immune system stores these antibodies for future use in case the person is exposed to the disease
52
Q

Herd Immunity

A
  • Vaccines are given to prevent and eventually wipe out disease. When a vaccine is given to a significant portion of the population, it protects those who receive the vaccine as well as those who cannot receive the vaccine.
  • When a high percentage of the population is vaccinated and immune they don’t get sick so there is no one to spread the disease.
  • Protects unvaccinated population from contagious diseases that we have a vaccine for.
53
Q

Hypersensitivity Type 1 is heavy in what immunoglobulin and the Ig does what?

A

IgE heavy, IgE binds to mast cells and combines with antigen

54
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity is what kind, examples

A
  • Hay fever

- pollen allergy

55
Q

Severe type 1 Hypersensitivity is?

A

Anaphylaxis

  • hives (urticaria)
  • bronchospasm
  • angioedema (severe facial edema, tongue, lips, eyelids)
  • severe hypotension&raquo_space; syncope
56
Q

Type 2 hypersensitivity example and mediated by what

A
  • mediated by immunoglobulins

- most common reaction is a transfusion reaction

57
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction is called what

A

Immune deposition

58
Q

What happens in a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Body forms antibodies against itself and causes organ dysfunction

59
Q

Examples of Type 3 immune reaction

A
  • Systemic Lupus erythematous
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • scleroderma
  • Sjorgen’s syndrome
  • Myasthenia Gravis
  • Reynaud’s Phenomenon
60
Q

Molecular Mimicry: Rheumatic Heart Disease

A

Step 1. In this disease, GABHS infects the throat.
Step 2. Streptococcus activates B cells.
Step 3. The B cells transform into plasma cells that secrete antibodies. CD4 cells assist in this reaction.
Step 4. The antibodies destroy the Streptococcus organisms.
**In a small percentage of individuals, the body’s anti-streptococcal antibodies not only attack the strep organisms, they also attack myocardial proteins, specifically cardiac valvular tissue, resulting in heart murmur.

61
Q

What is Lupus and what is it characterized by?

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE)

  • an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibodies
  • particularly antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
  • A chronic disease with acute or insidious onset
  • characterized by remissions and exacerbations with
  • –fever
  • –skin rash
  • –joint inflammation
  • –and damage to kidney, lungs, and serosal membranes

NRS 232 Pathophysiological Processes - MHCC (11 decks)

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