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NRS 232 Pathophysiological Processes - MHCC > CH 1 The Cell in Health and Illness > Flashcards

CH 1 The Cell in Health and Illness Flashcards

1
Q

Disease is initiated at what level?

A

The cellular level

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2
Q

Organelles

A

Specialized intracellular structures that carry out specific tasks to sustain life

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3
Q

Cells functions:

A
  • internal processes vital for the body’s normal physiological function
  • sense and respond to external environment and freely exchange materials and energy with surroundings
  • ensure homeostasis
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4
Q

Plasma membrane is

A

cells barrier separating extracellular and intracellular environments and protection of organelles from injury. Made of phospholipid bilayer containing proteins and cholsterol.

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Gel-like colloidal internal fluid environment containing ions, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids that suspends cellular organisms inside the cell

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6
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

contains genetic material that ultimately regulates cellular activity

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8
Q

Disease arises most commonly from

A

dysfunction of one or more cellular organelles, proteins, or biochemical processes

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9
Q

Plasma membrane permeability

A

SEMIpermeable

  • extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid, ions, and other molecules diffuse back and forth.
  • core lipid region remains impermeable to water but allows lipid soluble substances like oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse across
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10
Q

Plasma membrane proteins

A

some include ion channels for exchange with extracellular environment

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11
Q

Cellular edema

A

when excess fluid enters the cells internal environment and causes swelling.
Disrupts organelle function

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12
Q

Cellular dehydration

A

cellular fluid leaks out of the cell pores, causing shrinkage.
Disrupts organelle function

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13
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Carbohydrates attached to plasma membrane proteins

surface markers also called antigens

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14
Q

Antigens

A

glycoproteins that identify cells as a part of the body’s own tissues. Ex: blood cells have A, B, O antigens.

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15
Q

Cellular ion concentration (Na+/K+)

A

Optimal cell function requites Sodium (Na+) concentration to be higher OUTSIDE the cell and potassium (K+) to be higher INSIDE the cell.

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16
Q

PLasma membrane solubility to Na+/K+

A

More soluble to K+ (potassium) ions

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17
Q

Active transport by Na+/K+

A

uses adenine triphosphate (ATP) to move pump sodium and potassium in opposite directions across plasma membrane.

For every three sodium out, two potassium are pumped in.

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18
Q

Sodium-Potassium pump responsibilities

A

Maintaining resting potential and cell fluid volume

-in animals responsible for 1/2 of cells energy expenditure

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19
Q

Na+/K+ can by pharmacologically altered

A

True. Ex: cardiac glycosides slow don pump and keep more calcium in heart muscle cells to strengthen muscle contraction

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20
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cells energy producers (the powerhouse of the cell)

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21
Q

Mitochondria main function

A

to convert organic nutrients into cell energy in the form of ATP

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22
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

the process, requiring oxygen, to produce energy in the form of ATP

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23
Q

Cell hypoxia

A

When no oxygen is available for the cells

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24
Q

Anaerobic metabolism

A

Non-oxygen metabolism, also called glycolysis, when glucose is used to create energy.

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25
Q

of ATP produced by aerobic metabolism

A

34 net yield

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26
Q

of ATP produced by anaerobic metabolism

A

Net energy yield of 2 ATP + pyruvic acid

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27
Q

Pyruvic acid converted into what does what

A

acetyl-coenzyme A triggering the Krebs or citric acid cycle

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28
Q

Krebs cycle

A

also known as the citric acid cycle, with oxygen, mitochondria produce 34 ATP

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29
Q

Pyruvic acid in cellular hypoxia

A

converted to lactic acid, noxious to cells causing muscle pain

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30
Q

Mitochondria are the only organelles that have their own DNA? T/F?

A

True

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31
Q

Exercise stimulates formation of increased numbers of mitochondria in muscle cells, because of this:

A

the muscle uses more oxygen and yields more energy

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32
Q

Geneticists use what to study maternal hereditary lineage?

A

Mitochondrial DNA

33
Q

Free radicals

A

also called reactive oxygen species that mutate mitochondrial DNA

34
Q

Lysosomes

A

small, membrane-enclosed organelles with an internal environment more acidic than the rest of the cell. Contain digestive enzymes

35
Q

Lysosome digestive enzymes

A

lysozyme, proteases, and lipases that degrade ingested foreign substances and cellular debris

36
Q

Autolysis

A

when a cell dies lysosomes release digestive enzymes to destroy cell part

37
Q

Heterolysis

A

When lysosomes are used to digest foreign matter ingested by macrophages

38
Q

Macrophages

A

major defensive defensive white blood cells, contain a large number of lysosomes

39
Q

Macrophages action and reliance

A

engulf and ingest foreign substances invading the body and rely on lysosomal enzymes to digest the material

40
Q

Lysosomal enzyme lacking causes

A

harmful accumulation of non-degraded substances like certain types of lipids

41
Q

Proteasomes and peroxisomes

A

organelles with digestive enzymes similar to lysosomes

42
Q

Proteasomes action

A

enzymatically degrade polypeptide chains and proteins

43
Q

peroxisomes actions

A

break down long-chain fatty acids and free radicals

44
Q

Adrenoleukodystrophy

A

disorder of dysfunctional peroxisomes in which long chain fatty acids accumulate in the nervous system causing deterioration eventually leading to dementia, paralysis, and death

45
Q

Cachexia

A

wasting of body mass

46
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

network of tubules in the cell that act as the transport system. Two types: smooth and rough ER

47
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

location of lipid production, including corticosteroids, oils, and phospholipids

48
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

tubular network with attached ribosomes that synthesize proteins

49
Q

Diseases that suggest endoplasmic reticulum stress related pathogenesis

A
  • neurodegenerative diseases
  • cancer
  • obesity
  • athersclerosis
50
Q

Ribosomes

A

small, spherical organelles composed of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA)
-“protein factories”

51
Q

Ribosomal proteins destination

A

parts of the cell, enzymes, or exported protein secretions

52
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA from the nucleus acts as a blueprint for the construction of proteins

53
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA, plays a key role in the assembly of proteins

54
Q

During severe hypoxic states, ribosomal protein synthesis ceases. T/F?

55
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

processes, packages, and secretes proteins and hormones

56
Q

Prehormone to prohormone

A

initial protein is manufactured in the ribosome containing a single peptide.
-It is transferred to the endoplasmic reticulum, during the transfer the single peptide is removed and it is now prohormone to be moved to Golgi apparatus to be converted to an actual hormone to be secreted by endocrine glands.

57
Q

Secretory Vesicles

A

formed by the endoplasmic reticulum-golgi apparatus system and store substances that are secreted by cells before their release. Secretory vesicles release content into extracellular space from cells periphery

58
Q

Microtubules

A

hollow filaments composed of protein subunits: tubulin. Constantly being formed, broken down, and reformed.

59
Q

Structures Microtubules Make

A
  • cell division centrioles and mitotic spindle
  • pathway for secretory vesicles
  • movement of neurotransmitters down an axon to synapse
60
Q

Cilia

A

tubular projections containing microtubules,

61
Q

Cilia Action

A

propels substances along the outside of cells

62
Q

Microfilaments

A

solid, flexible fibers also referred to as actin filaments

63
Q

Microfilament Action

A

help change cell shape. Seen in amoeboid movements of macrophages and contraction of muscles

64
Q

Key Proteins in Muscle Contraction

A

Actin and Myosin

65
Q

Actin and myosin action in contraction

A

one end of actin filament elongates while the other end contracts

66
Q

Nucleus

A

cells mastermind, contains DNA, regulates cell structure and function

67
Q

DNA

A

double-stranded helical chain containing variable sequences of nucleotides

68
Q

Nucleotide

A

Nitrogenous bases and a phosphate bound pentose (5 carbon sugar) called deoxyribose

69
Q

Purine Bases

A

Adenine and Guanine

70
Q

Pyrimidine Bases

A

Thymine and Cytosine

71
Q

DNA molecule ladder

A

phosphate-pentose backbone,

purine -pyrimidine base pair steps

72
Q

DNA Base Pairing

A

Adenine to Thymine

Guanine to Cytosine

73
Q

Chromatin

A

in the nucleus, the DNA is folded on itself

74
Q

DNA Replication - Basic

A

DNA polymerase uncoils and splits into two separate strand templates, new pairing begins, each pair forms hydrogen bond to form along the original strand. In the end there are two identical strands

75
Q

Transcription

A

Occurs in the nucleus.
Two strands separate, one strand synthesizes RNA, RNA strand copies information from main DNA strand then leaves the nucleus

76
Q

RNA types

A

mRNA - Messenger RNA
tRNA -Transfer RNA
rRNA - Ribosomal RNA

77
Q

Base Pairs in RNA

A

Adenine to Uracil

Guanine to Cytosine

78
Q

Translation

A

happens in the ribosome

ribosomes interpret mRNA to manufacture proteins. tRNA gathers and joins the exact amino acids to creat the protein

79
Q

Codon

A

three nitrogenous bases instruction to one amino acid. Interpreted by ribosomes

NRS 232 Pathophysiological Processes - MHCC (11 decks)

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