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Physics IGCSE > Waves > Flashcards

Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

What is amplitude

A

half the crest to trough distance

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2
Q

what is wavelength

A

the distance between any part of the wave and the next part where the wave repeats itself

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3
Q

what is frequency

A

the number of waves produced in 1 second

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4
Q

what is period

A

the time it takes to make 1 wave

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5
Q

what is a wavefront

A

a line joining together similar points on a wave

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6
Q

what are transverse waves

A

Waves that vibrate or oscillate perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer

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7
Q

what are longitudinal waves

A

oscillations occur parallel to direction of energy

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8
Q

what is frequency measured in

A

Hertz (Hz)

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9
Q

what is the doppler effect

A

The apparent change in observed wavelength and frequency of a wave emitted by a moving source relative to an observer

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10
Q

what is the electromagnetic spectrum (in order shortest - longest)

A

gamma rays
x - rays
ultraviolet
visibe
infared
microwaves
radio

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11
Q

what is the electromagnetic spectrum for light (in order shortest - longest)

A

indigo
blue
green
yellow
orange
red

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12
Q

what kind of waves are light waves

A

transverse waves

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13
Q

what can be done light waves

A

they can be reflected and refracted

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14
Q

what is the law of reflection

A

angle of incidence = angle of reflection

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15
Q

explain the image in a mirror

A

images are formed when the light ray bouncing off of an object onto a mirror are diverging so they light from the object appears to be in a different place

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16
Q

what bends twards the normal

A

light going from air to glass

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17
Q

what bends away from normal

A

light going from glass to air

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18
Q

what is the cirtical angle

A

the angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction is 90 degrees

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19
Q

what is total internal relfection

A

if the angle is bigger than the cirtical angle

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20
Q

what are examples of total internal reflection

A

periscope
endoscope
fiber optics

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21
Q

what kind of wave is a sound wave

A

longitudinal wave

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22
Q

how can a sound wave be refracted

A

if it travels from one density (temperature) to another

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23
Q

what does high frequency mean

A

a sound with a high pitch

24
Q

what is the range of human hearing

A

20Hz - 20000 Hz

25
Q

what does it mean if the wave is further apart

A

quite and low pitched

26
Q

what does it mean if the waves are close together

A

loud and high pitched

27
Q

how can you investigate the speed of sound

A

using a clapper board one person stands away and they start the stopwatch when they see the clapper board touch and then stop when they hear the sound

28
Q

how are microwaves a hazard

A

they can cause internal heating of body tissues

29
Q

how is ultraviolet light a hazard

A

increases the rish of skin cancer and blindness

30
Q

what are radio waves used for

A

radio and television communications

31
Q

what are microwaves used for

A

satellite transmissions and cooking

32
Q

what is infared radiation used for

A

heaters and night vision equipment

33
Q

what is visible light used for

A

fibre optics and photography

34
Q

what is ultraviolet used for

A

fluorescent lamps

35
Q

what are x - rays used for

A

medical imaging and security

36
Q

what is gamma radiation used for

A

sterillising food and medical equipment

37
Q

what is different of how waves transfer energy

A

they only transfer energy and not particles

38
Q

ways where we can observe the doppler effect

A

The frequency of the sound waves emitted by ambulance or police sirens goes from a high pitch (high frequency) to a low pitch (low frequency) as the vehicle whizzes past
Galaxies in outer space emit light waves which appear redder (longer wavelength) to an observer on Earth because the stars are moving away from us

39
Q

draw a ray diagram for the reflection of light

A
40
Q

what is refraction

A

when a wave slows down or speeds up at a boundary between two materials

41
Q

draw a ray diagram for a refracted light ray

A
42
Q

what is a part of the electromagnetic specturm that includes everything

A

ight is part of a continuous electromagnetic spectrum that includes radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma ray radiations and that all these waves travel at the same speed in free space

43
Q

what are the dangers of infared radiation

A

skin burns

44
Q

what are the dangers of gamma rays

A

cancers and mutation

45
Q

how to protect yourself againsts dnagerous electromagnetic waves

A

ultraviolet - sunscreen, sunglasses
gamma and x rays - use low levels and avoid uneccesary contact
infared - wear protective clothing

46
Q

what is the investigation for the refraction of light

A

investigating useing rectangular blocks, semi circular blocks and triangular prisms

47
Q

results from investigating the refraction of light

A
48
Q

what is the experiment for the refractive index of glass

A

passing rays of light through a glass box to find the refractive index of glass

49
Q

set up for investigaing the refractive index of glass

A
50
Q

what are optical fibres

A

they are made of plastic or glass and consist of a central core surrounded by coating with a lower refractive index

51
Q

how do optic fibres work

A

the core of the fibre is so narrow that light signals passing through it always hit the core cating boundary so the light is always internally reflecting

52
Q

what is an oscilloscope

A

a device which can display the microphone signal as a trace on a screen

53
Q

how does the ocilloscope display sound waves

A

the appreance of the wave on the screen tells you weather it is loud or quite and high or low pitched.
you can take detailed measurements to calculate the frequency by adjusting the settings of the display

54
Q

draw the 4 common traces from an oscilloscope

A
55
Q

how does pitch and sound relate to frequency

A

A high pitch sound corresponds to a high frequency sound wave
a low pitch sound corresponds to a low frequency sound wave

56
Q

how does loudness of sound relate to the amplitude of vibration

A

The greater the amplitude the louder the sound. Bigger vibrations of a sting mean more energy is being put in so more energy out as sound waves.

Physics IGCSE (7 decks)

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