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Physics IGCSE > Energy > Flashcards

Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the law of conservation of energy

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be transfered from one form into another

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2
Q

energy transfer of lighting a match

A

kinetic energy + chemical energy –> heat energy –> light energy

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3
Q

energy transfer in a circuit where a bulb lights

A

electrical –> heat –> light

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4
Q

energy transfer of a falling pen

A

gravitational potential energy –> knetic energy

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5
Q

energy transfer of a sound generator

A

electrical –> kinetic energy –> sound

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6
Q

what is a electrical transfer

A

a charge moving through a potential difference

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6
Q

what is a mechanical transfer

A

an object moving due to a force acting on it

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6
Q

energy transfer of putting 100g on a spring

A

gravitational potential energy –> elastic + kinetic

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6
Q

energy transfer of an atomic bomb explosion

A

nuclear –> heat –> gravitational potential energy + light + kinetic + sound

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7
Q

what is a heating transfer

A

energy transferred from a hotter object to a colder object

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8
Q

what is a radiation transfer

A

energy transfered by electromagnetic waves

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9
Q

what does efficiency always having a value less than one tell us

A

that during the energy transfer there is always some “less useful” energy being produces (usually heat and sound)

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10
Q

what does the width of the arrow mean in a sankey diagram

A

they are in proportion to the amount of energy involved

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11
Q

what does the arrow down mean

A

less useful energy

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12
Q

what doesn’t matter in a sankey diagram

A

the length

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13
Q

what does a sankey diagram show

A

the energy efficency

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14
Q

how does wind energy work

A

wind turbines use energy from the kinetic energy store of moving air to generate electricity. wind turns the blades which turn as generator inside it

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15
Q

how does solar heating system transfered by energy

A

solar cells use energy from the sun to directly generate DC electricity

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16
Q

advantages of solar heating system

A

solar energy is a renewable energy resource and there are no costs
no harmful polluting gases are produces

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17
Q

what are disadvantages of solar heating systems

A

space is needed for installing solar cells
solar cells do not work at night

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18
Q

how is hydroelectric power generated

A

it reuqires the flooding of a valley by building a big dam
rainwater is caught and pushed out through turbines
it transfers the GPE stores of the water to the kinetic store as it falls

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19
Q

advantages of hydroelectricity

A

clean and renewable
valves can be opened quickly to produce energy
no pollution when running

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20
Q

disadvantages of hydroelectricity

A

objections from people in the surrounding enviroment
affects wildlife by flooding the valley
contruction of dams in expensive

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21
Q

how do geothermal resources work

A

hot water and steam from deep underground can be used drive turbines

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22
Q

explain how hot rocks generate electricity

A

the rocks are hot which causes hot water and steam which rises
so deep wells can be drilled down to the hot rocks and cold water pumped down
the water runs through the fracture in the rocks is heated up
it returns to the surface as hot water and steam and the energy is transferred from the thermal energy stores to kinetic energy stores to generate electricity

23
Q

how does tidal power generate electricity

A

tidal barrages are big dams build across river mouths with turbines in them
as the tide comes in it fills up the mouth of the ricer to several meters high. the water is then let out through the turbine which drive the turbine to produce electricity

kinetic energy of moving water –> electrical energy

24
Q

how does wave energy work

A

the energy is transferred from the kinetic energy store of the waves to the kinetic energy store of the turbine and used to generate electrcity

25
Q

how do fossil fuels generate electricity

A

In large power stations they are burned in the presence of oxygen. As the fuel burns the heat energy is used to heat water, as it is heated it produces steam which in turn rises and drives a turbine.
as the turbine moves it generates electricity

26
Q
A

.

27
Q

how does nuclear power generate electricity

A

nuclear fission of uranium produces heat to make steam turn the turbines

28
Q

what is conduction

A

The transfer of heat energy through the vibrations of particles in a medium. The particles bump into nearby particles and make them vibrate

29
Q

what is convection

A

convection occurs when the more energestic particles move from a hotter region to a cooler region - and transfer energy as they do

30
Q

what is radiation

A

Radiation is the transfer of heat energy from a region of high temperature to a region of low temperature by infrared radiation.

31
Q

what is an experiment for conduction

A

placing ball bearings onto different metals onto a ring conductor with a little bit of wax
the conduction ring is heated the metal that conducts the best will mean the ball will drop first

32
Q

what is an experiment for convection

A

place postassium permanganate crystals in a beaker of water (one hot one cold)
then heat the breaker with a bunsen burner
the hot water creates a faster convection current becuase the high the temperature the high the kinetic energy

33
Q

what is an experiment for radiation

A

the color of the flasks are different (black, dull grey, white and silver)
hot water is placed in the flasks and the temperature is recorded
the one that cools the fastest is the poorest emitter
the one that cools the slowest is the best emitter

34
Q

what is double glazing

A

windows made with 2 panes of glass seperated by a gap filled with air or an insulating gas
the gap acts as a barrier reducing heat transfer
the insulating properties of double glazing help to keep the interior warm or cold

35
Q

what is loft insulation

A

adding a layer of insulating material such as mineral wool, fibreglass or foam boards to the floor of the roof or loft space
heat rises so it traps the heat

36
Q

what is a mylar blanket

A

they are known as emergency blankets
the reflectice material helps to trap a persons body heat and reflect it bac twoards them

37
Q

how does a thick wooly jumper work

A

a wooly jumper is made from wool fibres which provides insulation
wool has tiny air pockets which retain heat and also absorb moisture without feeling damp and helping to regulate body temperature

38
Q

what is work

A

whenever an energy transfer takes place

39
Q

what is power

A

power is the rate at which energy is transferred

40
Q

what is weight

A

the force of gravity which pulls an object down to the ground

41
Q

what is kinetic energy

A

objects which are moving have kinetic energy
it depends n the mass and speed of an object

42
Q

what is gravitational potential energy

A

when an object is raised above the ground it gains GPE
the amount gained depends of the mass of the object and the strength of the gravitation field

43
Q

what are energy transfers

A

the relocation of energy from one place to another, usually in a different form

44
Q

describe the energy transfers of a bat hitting a ball

A

some energy is usefully transferred mechanically from the kinetic energy store of the bat to the kinetic energy store of the ball. the rest is wasted

45
Q

describe the energy transfer of a bunsen burner and beaker

A

energy is usefully transferred by heating from the chemical energy store of the gas to the thermal energy stores of the beaker and the water.
energy is also wastefully transferred by heating to the thermal energy stores of the stand and surroudnings

46
Q

explain how objects emmit and absorb relating to their surface area and temperature

A

all object are continually emitting and absorbing
black + dull = best aborbers and emitters
white + shiny = best relfectors
shiny = reduce unwanted energy transfers
the higher the temperature and the greater the surface area the more radiation is emitted

47
Q

work done =

A

energy transfered

48
Q

advantages of fossil fuels

A

Reliable. Can produce large amounts of energy consistently. Can respond to changes in demand.

49
Q

disadvantages of fossil fuels

A

Produces carbon dioxide (CO2) which contribute to global warming
sulphur dioxide which causes acid rain

50
Q

advantages of nuclear power

A

Reliable
Produces large amounts of energy consistently Produces no pollution or CO2
Large amounts of energy are produced from small amounts of fuel.

51
Q

disadvantages of nuclear power

A

Produces radioactive waste that takes thousands of years to decay and must be safely disposed of. Nuclear power stations are expensive to build and maintain, and take many years to build. Can not be turned on and off quickly so cannot respond to changes in demand.

52
Q

advantages of wind power

A

Produces no pollution or CO2
Are cheap to build and maintain

53
Q

disadvantages of wind power

A

Non-reliable. Only generate electricity when the wind is blowing in a certain direction. Some people consider them visual pollution (they spoil the view)

54
Q

advantages of hydroelectric power

A

Reliable. Can respond to meet changes in demand. No pollution or CO2 produced (unless a pump is used to return the water as this uses fossil fuels).

55
Q

disadvantages of hydroelectric

A

Can involve flooding large areas to build reservoirs which destroys habitats and displaces wildlife

56
Q

disadvantages of geothermal power

A

Not many suitable locations. Can release methane (a greenhouse gas) in the extraction process.

57
Q

advantages of geothermal power

A

Reliable

Physics IGCSE (7 decks)

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