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Physics IGCSE > Solid, liquids, gases > Flashcards

Solid, liquids, gases Flashcards

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1
Q

what is density

A

Density is a measure of the amount of mass packed into a particular volume

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2
Q

what is density measured in

A

kg/m (cubed)
g/cm (cubed)

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3
Q

what does the density of an object depend on

A

what it is made of

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4
Q

what does density determine

A

whether it floats or sinks

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5
Q

how can you find the density of an object

A

through its mass and volume

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6
Q

method for finding density for a regular object

A

use a balance to find its mass
then measure its length, width and height with a ruler to find its volume
then plug the objects mass and volume into density formula

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7
Q

method for finding density for a iregular object

A

use a balance to measure its mass
then to find its volume by submerging it in a eureka can filled with water.
record the volume of the water in the measuring cylinder (the water which has been displaced)
plug the objects mass and volume into the formula for density

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8
Q

what is pressure

A

pressure is a measure of the force being applied to the surface of something

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9
Q

what is the relation of force and area and pressure

A

if there is a same force being applied over a larger area instead of a small area then there will be less pressure

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10
Q

how does pressure act in liquid and gases

A

at rest, the pressure acts equally in all directions
but pressure increases with depth in liquids and gases

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11
Q

what is pressure difference

A

the difference in pressure between 2 points in a liquid or gas

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12
Q

what does pressure difference depend on

A

height difference, density and gravity (gravitational field strength)

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13
Q

what is thermal energy store in particles

A

The total kinetic and potential energy of the particles in an object (usually the vibrations)

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14
Q

what will heating a system change

A

it will change the energy stored in a system by increasing the kinetic energy of its particles

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15
Q

what does the increase of thermal energy cause

A

Cause the temperature of the system to increase

Produce a change of state (solid to liquid or liquid to gas)

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16
Q

how does temperature and kinetic energy relate

A

The higher the temperature, the higher the average kinetic energy of the molecules and vice versa

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17
Q

what is evaporation

A

when particles escaqpe from a liquid and become gas particles

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18
Q

what do gas particles near the surface have to do (or be doing)in order to evaporate

A

travelling in the right direction
travelling fast enough to overcome the attractive forces of other particles

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19
Q

method for a temperature time graph

A

fill a beaker with crushed ice and place a thermometer in it (record the temp)
using a bunsen burner, gradually heaty the beaker
every 20 seconds record the temperature and current state of the ice
plot a graph

20
Q

how should a temperature time graph look like (both ways)

A
21
Q

what is the scale for the coldest things can be

A

absolute zero or 0 kelvins

22
Q

conversion of kelvin and celcius

A

0 celcius is 273 kelvin

23
Q

how to convert from celcius to kelvin

A

add 273 (c->k)
subtract 273 (k->c)

24
Q

relation of temperature and energy

A

the temperature of a gas (in kelvin) is proportional to the average energy in the kinetic energy stores of its particles

25
Q

what is the particle theory

A

gases consist of very small particles which are contantly moving in completely random directions
the collliding gas particles create pressure

26
Q

what happens when a solid is heated and melts to a liquid

A

Thermal energy transfer takes place and supplies the particles in the solid with energy in their kinetic store causing them to vibrate
This partly overcomes the rigid bonds between the particles meaning they can now flow over each other

27
Q

what happens when a liquid boils to form a gas bubbles are produced within the liquid

A

Thermal energy transfer takes place and supplies the particles on the surface of the liquid with energy in their kinetic store
when enough of the particles have enough energy to overcome their attraction to each other, big bubbles of gas form in the liquid

28
Q

explain condensing and freezing

A

when a substance is condensing or freezing, bonds are forming between particles which releases energy. the temperature doesnt go down until all of the substance has changed state

29
Q

describe the arrangement and motion of particles in all 3 states of matter

A

gas vibrate and move freely at high speeds
liquid vibrate, move about, and slide past each other
solid vibrate but generally do not move from place to place

30
Q

what is the specific heat capacity

A

the energy required to change the temperature of an object by one degree Celsius per kilogram of mass

31
Q

what are the units for specific heat capacity

A

J/kg /°C

32
Q

what is the aim of the practicle Investigating Specific Heat Capacity

A

This experiment aims to determine the specific heat capacity of a solid and of water by measuring the energy required to increase the temperature of a known amount by one degree

33
Q

method for investigating specific heat capacity

A

Place the beaker on the digital balance and press ‘zero’
Add approximately 250 ml of water and record the mass of the water using the digital balance
Place the immersion heater and thermometer in the water
Connect up the circuit as shown in the diagram, with the ammeter in series with the power supply and immersion heater, and the voltmeter in parallel with the immersion heater
Record the initial temperature of the water at time 0 s
Turn on the power supply, set it at approximately 10 V, and start the stopwatch
Record the voltage from the voltmeter and the current from the ammeter
Continue to record the temperature, voltage and current every 60 seconds for 10 minutes
Repeat steps 2-8, replacing the beaker of water for the solid block of aluminium and starting with recording its mass using the digital balance

34
Q

what are the ways that gas molecules will change motion

A

if they collide:
with the walls of its container
with other molecules

35
Q

what happens when gas molecules colllide with something

A

they exert a force on it and their momentum and direction change

36
Q

what happens when gas molecules collide in a sealed container

A

the exert an ouward pressure
the pressure depends on how fast the particles are going and how often they hit the walls

37
Q

what happens if you increase the temperature in relation to pressure

A

if you heat a gas the particles move faster and gain more kinetic energy
this increase in energy means they hit the walls harder and more frequently creating more pressure
showing if you double the temperature (in Kelvin) you double the pressure

38
Q

what happens if you increase the volume in relation to pressure

A

if you put the same fixed amount of gas in a bigger container the pressure will decrease because there are fewer collisions between the particles and the walls

39
Q

definition of absolute zero

A

The temperature at which the molecules in a substance have zero kinetic energy

40
Q

why do we have the name absolute zero

A

At absolute zero, or −273 °C, particles will have no net movement. It is therefore not possible to have a lower temperature

41
Q

If the temperature of a gas remains constant what will happen with the pressure due to compression and expansion

A

compressed – decreases the volume which increases the pressure
expanded – increases the volume which decreases the pressure

42
Q

pressure and volume at a constant temperature

A

pressure x volume =constant

43
Q

equation for pressure and volume at a constant temperature

A
44
Q

pressure and temperature at constant colume

A

pressure/temperature(K) = constant

45
Q

equation for pressure and temperature at constant volume

A

Physics IGCSE (7 decks)

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