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Physics IGCSE > Motion and Forces > Flashcards

Motion and Forces Flashcards

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1
Q

what does it mean if the line is steep on a distance time graph

A

the greater the steepness the greater the speed of the object

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2
Q

examples of forces

A

weight
lift
electrostatic
tension
friction
thrust
magnestic
drag
contact
upthrust

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3
Q

what is a resultant force (and how do you calculate it)

A

if more than one force acts on an object you have to calculate the resultant force
(bigger force - smaller force = resultant force)
AND SAY THE DIRECTION

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4
Q

what happens if the resulant force is in the same direction as the object

A

the object will accelerate

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5
Q

what happens if the resultant force is in the opposite direction to the object

A

the object will decelerate

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6
Q

what happens if the resultant force is zero

A

the object will be stationary or moving at a contant speed

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7
Q

what is terminal velocity

A

The maximum speed of an object, reached when the forces moving the object are balanced by its frictional forces.

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8
Q

what is a scalar

A

a quantity that just has a size

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9
Q

what is a vector

A

a quantity which has size and direction

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10
Q

How can we tell Hooke’s law on a graph

A

on a force extension graph is the line is straight through 0 then the object is obeying the law

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11
Q

what does it mean if an object has elasticity

A

the object returns to its original shape after the force is removed

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12
Q

what are ways that force can affect the object that it is being applied on

A

change in shape
change in speed
change in direction

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13
Q

what is the equation between
stopping distance
breaking distance
thinking distance
of a car while it is stopping

A

stopping distance = thinking distance + breaking distance

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14
Q

what is the thinking distance

A

the distance the vehicle travels in the time it takes for th driver to apply the breaks after realising they need to stop

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15
Q

what are things that affect thinking distance

A

drugs, alcohol, distractions and tiredness

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16
Q

what is breaking distnace

A

the distance that an object travels from the time when the breaks are applied to the time when it comes to a complete stop

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17
Q

what factors affect breaking distance

A

speed of the vehicle, road conditions, weight of the vehicle, and slippery roads

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18
Q

what are safety features in roads

A

roundabouts
narrow lanes
speed bumps
traffic lights
stop signs
speed limits

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19
Q

what are safety features in cars

A

airbags
seatbelts
cruise control
headlights
breaklights
parking sound assists

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20
Q

what are many injuries in vehicle collisions and sporting injuries due to

A

the rapid acceleration of the body (they stop very quickly)

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21
Q

what can you do to the momentum to help improve the injury

A

by spreading the change in momentum over a longer time it recudes the force required to act which reduces the injury

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22
Q

explain how the seatbelt protects

A

it stretches so it increases the time to come to a stop

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23
Q

explain how a crumple zone protects

A

parts of the car are desgined to collapse so the car takes longer to stop moving

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24
Q

what is the conservation of momentum

A

total momentum before = total momentum after

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25
Q

what is a lever

A

an object rotating or trying to rotate

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26
Q

what is a pivot

A

the point around which the lever is rotating or trying to rotate

27
Q

what is a moment

A

the size of the turning effect of a force about a pivot

28
Q

what is the principle of moments

A

clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment

29
Q

what is the centre of gravity

A

the point in an object where all of the wright appears to act

30
Q

how do you find the centre of gravity

A

if an object is placed such that it’s centre of gracity is on top of a pivot, the object will be balanced

31
Q

why will the object be balanced when you find its centre of gravity

A

the perpendicular distance between theweight of the object and the pivot will be zero

32
Q

what kind of quality is a force

A

vector

33
Q

why do falling objects reach terminal velocity

A

the force of air resistance become large enough to blance the force of gravity

34
Q

what is an investigation to investigate motion

A

a paper cone
a tennis ball

35
Q

what is the aim to investigate motion

A

to investigate the motion of some every objects

36
Q

what are the variables in investigating motion

A

independent - distance
dependent - time
control - use the same object for each measurement

37
Q

what is the equipments needed to investigate motion

A

paper cone
stop clock
metre ruler

38
Q

method for investigating motion

A

measure a high of 1.0m using the meter ruler
drop the object from this high (this will be the distance travelled)
use the stop clock to measure how long the object takes to travel the distance
record the distance and repeat steps for diferent hights
then calculate the speed

39
Q

features of velocity time graphs

A

gradient = acceleration
flat sections means steady speed
the steeper the graph the greater the acceleration or deceleration
uphill means acceleration
downhill means deceleration
curve means changing acceleration

40
Q

what does the area under a velocity time graph show

A

it is equal to the distance traveled in that time interval

41
Q

how do you find acceleration on a V-T graph

A

vertical/horizontal

30/20 in the first acceleration
42
Q

describe friction

A

if an object has no force accelerating it along then it will always slow down due to friction
this is because friction is a force that opposes motion

43
Q

3 ways where friction happens

A

between solid surfaces
between solid surfaces sliding past each other
resistance or “drag” from fluids

44
Q

what is static friction

A

when solid surfaces are gripping

45
Q

what is sliding friction

A

sliding surfaces sliding past each other
can be reduced

46
Q

what is resistance from fluid friction

A

for example air going over a car. to reduce this you have to jeep the shape of the object streamline

47
Q

draw the forces acting on a moving car

A
48
Q

what is gravity/weight

A

there is a gravitational force of attraction between all objects with mass

49
Q

what is electrostatic force

A

the force between 2 charged objects

50
Q

what is thrust

A

Thrust is a force produced by an engine that speeds up the motion of an object

51
Q

what is drag

A

Drag force is a type of frictional force that occurs when an object moves through a fluid

52
Q

what is reaction force

A

When an object rests on a surface, the surface exerts a push force on the object

53
Q

what is air resistance

A

Air resistance is a specific type of drag force and is therefore also a frictional force
Air resistance occurs when particles of air collide with an object moving through it and slows its motion

54
Q

what is upthrust

A

When an object is fully or partially submerged in a fluid, the fluid exerts an upward-acting push force on the object

55
Q

what is the investigation for hookes law with a spring

A

using a spring and masses

56
Q

how to set up the investigation for hookes law with a spring

A
57
Q

method for investigating hookes law with a spring

A

Align the marker to a value on the ruler with no mass added, and record this initial length of the spring / rubber band
Add the 100 g mass hanger onto the spring / rubber band
Record the mass (in kg) and position (in cm) from the ruler now that the spring / rubber band has extended
Add another 100 g to the mass hanger
Record the new mass and position from the ruler now that the spring / rubber band has extended further
Repeat this process until all masses have been added
Remove the masses and repeat the entire process again, until it has been carried out a total of three times, and an average length (for each mass attached) is calculated

58
Q

what is elastic behavior

A

Elastic behaviour is the ability of a material to recover original shape after the force is removed.

59
Q

what is newtons 1st law

A

balanced forces mean no change in velocity

60
Q

what is newtons 2nd law

A

unbalanced forces
when a unbalanced force acts on an object it accelerates

61
Q

what is newtons 3rd law

A

reaction forces
if an object exerts a force on another object there will be an equal and opposite force

62
Q

when does an object reach terminal velocity

A

Eventually, the frictional force acting on the ball will become equal to the weight of the ball.

63
Q

what does hookes law look like when the force is great enough

A
64
Q

what is resistance measured in

A

ohms

Physics IGCSE (7 decks)

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