Water-Soluble Vitamins Flashcards by Kim Kelly

absorption of water-soluble vitamins

intestinal capillaries (except B12)

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transport of water-soluble vitamins

plasma (expect B12 and folate)

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water-soluble vitamins function as

coenzymes and antioxidants

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humans make what water-soluble vitamin

niacin (B3)

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intestinal bacteria make what water-soluble vitamin

biotin (B7)

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vitamin form and BAF of Vitamin C

asorbic acid

dehydroasorbic acid

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absorption of Vitamin C

distal small intestine

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excess Vitamin C removed by

kidneys

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functions of vitamin C

collagen synthesis (hydroxyproline.hydroxylysine
neurotransmitter synthesis (NE, thyroxin)
prostaglandin metabolism
immune function
iron/copper reactions
wound healing
blood vessel health

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Vitamin C deficiency

scurvy

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symptoms:
swollen/bleeding gums
loosened teeth
weak CT
slow wound healing
susceptibility to infection
corkscrew hair
incomplete Fe absorption
anemia
death

deficiency:

Vitamin C

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symptoms:
urate stones
cardiac arrhythmia

toxicity:

Vitamin C

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B-Complex Vitamins

B1
B2
B3
B5
B6
B7
B9
B12

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Vitamins needed to make/duplicate DNA

B12 and folate

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energy metabolism and cell division require what vitamins

B vitamins

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B vitamins are converted into coenzyme forms in the body

intestinal mucosa (and/or liver)

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B vitamins are stored in the body where

muscle and internal organs (esp. heart, liver, kidneys)

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what B vitamin requires binding sites for ACTIVE absorption

B12

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BAF (B1)

thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

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berberi

deficiency B1

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continuous supplementation required as this vitamin has limited tissue storage

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cofactor for AA and CHO metabolism

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symptoms:
anorexia
weight loss
confusion
muscle wasting
weakness

berberi (B1 deficieny)

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symptoms:
nervousness
tachycardia
SOB
perspiration

toxicity:

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BAF (riboflavin)

FMN (flavin mononucleotide) FMNH2 FAD (flavin-adenine dinucleotide) FADH2

functions of B2

neurotransmitter metabolism: MAO (flavoprotein) ``` purine nucleotide metabolism: xanthine oxidase (flavoprotein) ``` cellular metabolism, oxidation-reduction reactions, electron transporter

``` symptoms: angular stomatitis cheilosis glossitis sore throat photophobia normochromic anemia ```

deficiency: | B2

BAF (niacin)

NAD NADH NADP NADPH

B3 is synthesized from what

tryptophan

60 mg tryptophan yields

1 mg of niacin

vitamins required for cell division and growth

B3 and B9

The bioactive form of B3 is required in what reactions

``` post-glycolysis glycolysis kreb's cycle B-oxidation nucleotide & FA metabolism cell division and growth ```

what enzymes require B3

dehydrogenases

raw skin

pellagra (niacin deficiency)

``` symptoms: dermatitis diarrhea dementia death ``` glossitis anxiety, disorientation, seizures

deficiency: | pellagra (B3)

``` symptoms: nausea, stomach pain, diarrhea histamine release hepatotoxicity uric acid secretions cardiac arrythmia rash, pruritis, hyperkeratosis, acanthosis nigricans hyperglycemia ```

toxicity: | B3

BAF (pantothenic acid)

part of CoASH | pantetheine (fatty acid synthesis)

functions of B5

``` acetylation reactions (acetyl-CoA in dehydrogenase reactions and FA oxidation) synthesis of: A and D cholesterol fatty acids proteins steroids porphyrins ```

symptoms: burning feet syndrome (paresthesias/dysesthesias) nausea, vomiting, cramping growth failure, hemorrhage, necrosis of adrenal cortex, dermatitis, achromotrichia (grey hair)

deficiency: | B5 (rare)

where is CoASH converted

liver

vitamin form B6

pyridoxine pyridoxal pyridoxamine

toxicity of water-soluble vitamins is rare with the exception of

where is B12 excreted

B12 (has some insoluble characterisitics)

which water-soluble vitamin needs to phosphorylated twice

TPP

vitamin needed for AA metabolism

vitamin needed for FAs metabolism

cofactor for acetylation reactions

synthesis of A, D, cholesterol, FAs, PROs, steroids and poryphorins

think CoA

functions of B6

``` transanimation and decarboxylation of AA gluconeogenesis formation of serotonin from tryptophan synthesis of lecithin, RNA, sphingolipids, heme immune function IL2 steroid hormone modulation heme from succinyl-CoA glycine and sphingosine from serine decarboxylation of glutamic acid to form GABA ```

``` symptoms: weakness convulsions dermatitis stomatitis irritability, confusion, depression iron-loading microcytic anemia sideroblastic anemia oxalate kidney stones increased Hcy ```

deficiency: | B6

in B6 deficiency, tryptophan cannot be converted to what water-soluble vitamin (endogenously produced)

B3 deficiency > pellagra

``` symptoms: peripheral neuropathy dermatoses photosensitivity dizziness nausea ```

toxicity: | B6

carboxylase enzymes require

biotin (B7)

``` functions: energy production (propionyl carboxylase) gluconeogenesis (pyruvate carboxylase) FA biosynthesis (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) ```

``` symptom: seborrheic dermatitis anorexia seizure metabolic acidosis/organic aciduria dry scaly skin, loss of appetite, weakness, muscle pain, insomnia defect in metabolism of long-chain FAs ```

deficiency: | B7

megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia

folate, B12

``` functions: carrier of one carbon group synthesis of NAs and protein cell division and growth serine to glycine synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides histidine metabolism ```

folate (B9)

``` symptoms: poor growth megaloblastic-macrocytic anemia (poorly differentiated RBCs from bone marrow-low hemoglobin) tropical sprue (degeneration of villi) impaired synthesis of DNA/RNA homocystinemia neural tube defects ```

deficiency: | B9

``` symptoms: masks B12 deficiency - neurological disorders insomnia anti-methrotrexate GI disturbances ```

toxicity: | B12

BAF (B9)

dihyrdofolate | tetrahydrofolate

BAF (B12)

methylcobalamin 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin only vitamin that requires a mineral

vitamin form B12

cobalamin | anti-pernicious anemia factor

functions of B12

energy production cell division hemopoiesis nerve integrity and function

methotrexate blocks

dihydrofolate reductase

absorption of B12 requires

intrinsinc factor and Ca++

B12 transport

transcobalamin I and II

pernicious anemia

lack of intrinsic factor

symptoms: lemon colored skin shiny tongue (atrophic glossitis) mentally sluggish

pernicious anemia