Transcription

Question 1

Nucleotide consists of

Answer 1

Base + phosphate + ribose

Question 2

Nucleoside

Answer 2

Base + ribose

Question 3

RNA

Answer 3

Contains an -OH on the carbon ring

Question 4

DNA

Answer 4

Contains H+ on the carbon ring

Question 5

Most common site of phosphorylation of nucleotide

Answer 5

Hydroxyl group at 5’ carbon of the ribose (phophodiester bond)

Question 6

Type of bonds that allow DNA to dissociate

Answer 6

H+

Question 7

Nucleotides can exist in what forms

Answer 7

Mono, di, tri

Question 8

Ribose sugar linked covalently (N-glycosidic bond) to what area of purine and pyramidine

Answer 8

N-9 (purine)

N-1 (pyramidine)

Question 9

Type of bond of ribose to nucleoside and nucleotide

Answer 9

Covalent

Question 10

Purine bases

Answer 10

Guanine / adenine

pure as gold

Question 11

Pyrimidine (bases)

Answer 11

Cytosine / Uricil / Thymine

Question 12

Precursor to DNA and RNA

Answer 12

Nucleotides

Question 13

Universal currency of energy

Answer 13

ATP

Question 14

Forms portion of several coenzymes

Answer 14

Nucleotides (coenzymes - NAD, NADP, FAD, CoA, SAM)

Question 15

Act as second messengers in signal transduction (cAMP, cGMP)

Answer 15

Nucleotides

Question 16

Controls enzymatic reactions and serves as activated intermediates

Answer 16

Nucleotides

Question 17

Polymer of deoxyribonucleotides linked through phosphodiester bonds

Answer 17

DNA

Question 18

Polymer of nucleoside monophosphates

Answer 18

DNA

Question 19

Polarity of DNA results from

Answer 19

asymmetry of nucleoside monophosphate monomers

Question 20

Two helical polynucleotide chains are coiled around a common axis to form right-handed double helix (definition developed by)

Answer 20

Watson and Crick

Question 21

DNA chains run parallel or antiparallel

Answer 21

Antiparallel

Question 22

DNA bases located

Answer 22

Inside helix

Question 23

DNA phosphate and deoxyribose are located

Answer 23

Outside of helix

Question 24

DNA chains held together by

Answer 24

H+ bonds

Question 25

Distance between bases

Answer 25

3.4 (0.34 nm)

Question 26

Adenine + Thymine (# and type of bonds)

Answer 26

2, H+ bonds

Question 27

Guanine + Cytosine

Answer 27

3, H+ bonds

Question 28

A/G and C/T nearly always equal to 1

Answer 28

Chargaff

Question 29

Regulatory proteins exist where on DNA

Answer 29

Major and minor grooves on surface of double helix

Question 30

Precise sequence of bases carrier

Answer 30

Genetic information

Question 31

Charge of DNA

Answer 31

Negative

Question 32

Negative charge of DNA due to

Answer 32

Phosphate groups

Question 33

3 dominant forms of DNA

Answer 33

B- Z- A-

Question 34

Dominant form of DNA

Answer 34

B-DNA

Question 35

B- and A- DNA (right or left)

Answer 35

Right-handed helix

Question 36

Z-DNA (left or right handed)

Answer 36

Left-handed

Question 37

Proteins are made directly from DNA (true or false)

Answer 37

False

Question 38

Complementary copy of DNA

Answer 38

mRNA

Question 39

Translated on a ribosome

Answer 39

mRNA

Question 40

Used to direct protein synthesis

Answer 40

Genetic code

Question 41

Chromatin

Answer 41

DNA and associated proteins

Question 42

DNA packed in highly organized structural units

Answer 42

Chromosomes

Question 43

Majority of protein in chromatin

Answer 43

Histones

Question 44

Histones are rich in what amino acids

Answer 44

Arginine and lysine (positively charged)

Question 45

Nucleosome is made up of

Answer 45

2 loops of DNA + 8 histones

Question 46

DNA protein complexes are termed

Answer 46

Chromatin

Question 47

Non-histones proteins in chromatin are mainly

Answer 47

Enzymes

Question 48

Nucleosomes are packed together and form a

Answer 48

Solenoid

Question 49

Types of RNA

Answer 49

``` mRNA (code) rRNA (structure) tRNA (transfer) snRNA +very small RNA - miRNA (inhibit) and siRNA (degrade) ```

Question 50

code for proteins

Answer 50

mRNA

Question 51

form the basic structure of the ribosome and catalyze protein synthesis

Answer 51

rRNAs

Question 52

central to protein synthesis as adaptors between mRNA and AA

Answer 52

tRNAs

Question 53

function in a variety of nuclear processes, splice pre-mRNA

Answer 53

snRNAs (small nuclear)

Question 54

modify snoRNAs and snRNAs

Answer 54

scaRNAs (small cajals)

Question 55

process and chemically modify rRNAs

Answer 55

snoRNAs

Question 56

regulate gene expression typically by blocking translation of selective mRNAs (INHIBITION)

Answer 56

miRNAs

Question 57

Turn off gene expression by directing DEGRADATION of selective mRNAs and the establishment of compact chromatin structures

Answer 57

siRNAs

Question 58

Central Dogma

Answer 58

DNA > RNA > protein

Question 59

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA are all involved in protein synthesis - which one is responsible for directing synthesis of proteins

Answer 59

mRNA

Question 60

How are all RNAs catalyzed/synthesized from DNA templates

Answer 60

DNA-dependent RNA polymerases

Question 61

Process of RNA synthesis

Answer 61

Transcription

Question 62

Template for RNA synthesis

Answer 62

DNA

Question 63

Three stages of transcription

Answer 63

Initiation Elongation Termination

Question 64

Difference in RNA polymerases between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Answer 64

Prokaryotic - 1 (single) | Eukaryotic - I, II, III