General

Question 1

Example of an amphiphilic molecule

Answer 1

Fatty acid

Question 2

Water has a small, finite tendency to form

Answer 2

Ions

Question 3

Water dissociation under neutral conditions

Answer 3

Little tendency

Question 4

Acids accept or donate protons

Answer 4

Acids > donate

Question 5

Bases accept or donate protons

Answer 5

Bases < accept

Question 6

Hemoglobin is a what type of protein

Answer 6

Allosteric (tetramer)

Question 7

Hemoglobin affinity for O2 depends on what two factors

Answer 7

CO2 and pH

Question 8

Hemoglobin is an allosteric protein regulated by what

Answer 8

Organic phosphates

Question 9

Definition of cooperative binding

Answer 9

Once bound, it will become easier to bind

Question 10

At a lower pH, hemoglobin binds higher or lower affinity

Answer 10

Low pH = low affinity (Bohr effect)

Question 11

What molecule keeps hemoglobin in tense state

Answer 11

2,3, bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)

Question 12

Glycolysis intermediate

Answer 12

BPG

Question 13

Disease that results from glutamate (polar) being replaced by valine (non-polar) at the 6th position

Answer 13

Sickle cell anemia

Question 14

Hemoglobin is bound to oxygen is considered what state

Answer 14

R-state

Question 15

Myoglobin has what type of structure

Answer 15

Tertiary

Question 16

Hemoglobin has what type of structure

Answer 16

Quaternary

Question 17

Myoglobin has a higher or lower affinity compared to hemoglobin

Answer 17

Higher affinity, lower Kd

Question 18

Hemoglobin has a higher or lower affinity than myoglobin

Answer 18

Lower affinity, higher Kd

Question 19

R-state (affinity)

Answer 19

High to low

Question 20

T-state (affinity)

Answer 20

Low to high

Question 21

diseases characterized by partial or complete absence of one of the polypeptide either alpha or beta chain due to deletion mutations (hemoglobulin made of 2 alpha and 2 beta)

Answer 21

Thalassemia

Question 22

Amino acids required for heme synthesis

Answer 22

Glycine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Valine

Question 23

Succinyl CoA + glycine begin synthesis of

Answer 23

Hemoglobin

Question 24

Amino acids necessary for synthesis of succinyl CoA

Answer 24

Methionine
Threonine
Isoleucine
Valine

Question 25

Enzyme necessary for first step for heme synthesis

Answer 25

ALA synthase

Question 26

Disease resulting from defective ALA synthase

Answer 26

Siderblastic anemia

Question 27

Poryphorias result after what step in heme synthesis and what enzyme is involved

Answer 27

1st step involving ALA synthase

Question 28

What is the cofactor for ALA synthase

Answer 28

B6

Question 29

Deficiencies of B6 and/or iron results in what type of anemia

Answer 29

Microcytic

Hypochromic

Question 30

Two symptoms of porphyria

Answer 30

Neurological

Photosensitivity

Question 31

Place bilirubin is conjugated

Answer 31

Smooth ER

Question 32

Biliverdin reductase reduces

Answer 32

Methenyl (pyrolle III and IV) to methylene (bilirubin IX) - gives yellow color

Question 33

Hyperbilrubinemia exists when bilirubin exceeds

Answer 33

1 mg/dL in the blood

Question 34

Three reasons for hyperbilirubinemia

Answer 34

1) excess production
2) failure to conjugate in liver
3) obstruction of the ducts

Question 35

Jaundice develops from excess bilirubin when bilirubin reaches

Answer 35

2.0-2.5 mg/dL in the blood

Question 36

Kerincterus is caused by

Answer 36

Bilirubin crossing the blood brain barrier

Question 37

Erlich’s Diaz’s reagent measurement of bilirubin

Answer 37

Indirect

Question 38

Uroblins are oxidized from

Answer 38

Urobilinogens

Question 39

Uroblins cause

Answer 39

Darkening of feces in air

Question 40

Amount of hemoglobulin catabolized each day

Answer 40

6g